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Essence of Jainism views and mistaking the partial truth for the whole truth. He should recognise a spark of truth present in different views and attempt a synthesis of them all, in order to arrive at the comprehensive truth. This theory of standpoints and their synthesis fosters intellectual tolerance and nourishes friendliness.
Six substances (sad-dravya) : Jainism recognises six substances, viz. soul (jiva), matter (pudgala), medium of motion (dharma), medium of rest (adharma), space (akasha) and time (kala). Soul is the only sentient substance. The rest are insentient (ajiva). Time, medium of motion and medium of rest act as assisting the causes of change, motion and rest respectively. Space acts as a universal container in which all other substances are contained. Space is infinite. All other five substances are eternally confined to a particular portion of the infinite space. This portion is called universe (loka), while the remaining empty pure infinite space is called the region-beyond-the-universe (aloka).
Soul (jiva) : There are infinite souls, each living being having a separate soul. The nature of soul is consciousness or sentiency. It is fundamentally different from matter (physical body). It expands and contracts according to the size of body it assumes in different births. It knows things, performs activities, enjoys pleasures, suffers pains, and illumines itself and other objects.
Law of Moral Causation (karma) : All souls are inherently or potentially equal. The inequalities we notice in the world is due to the fine karmic matter that veils the natural qualities of souls from beginningless time. The karmic matter is attracted
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