Jainism Eternal and Universal Path for Enlightenment

Author(s): Narendra Bhandari
Publisher: Research Institute of Scientific Secrets from Indian Oriental Scriptures Ahmedabad

Page 98

Jainism : The Eternal and Universal path for Enlightenment
98
According to the models, the Universe has expanded, cooled and evolved in ever increasing steps of time, sequentially controlled by quantum gravity, electroweak and then strong nuclear forces. The initial 1043 seconds, called the Planck time, was epoch of quantum gravity when temperatures were higher than 10 Kelvin. Then it entered Grand Unification epoch which lasted till 1034 seconds. Electroweak forces dominated up to 10-10 seconds and were followed by radiation dominated era. Thus in the beginning there was only radiation, which quickly converted in to matter as space expanded, Universe cooled and time evolved. It took the Universe about 100 seconds after the Big Bang, to enter matter dominated era when fundamental particles were formed. The first to form was quark gluon plasma (see Chapter 7). They quickly froze into protons, neutrons and electrons, which in turn fused into hydrogen, helium and lithium. These particles combined in definite proportions to form matter as manifested today. As the Universe expanded in space and time the reduction in temperature allowed the formation of structures like clusters. The matter so formed was dominantly Baryonic which is what one sees around today. As matter dominated, the cooling became faster and the radiation got decoupled from matter and the universe became transparent. Inside clusters, individual stars formed due to gravitational contraction of Molecular clouds of hydrogen, which by thermonuclear fusion produced all the heavier elements and their isotopes. As the universe evolved, generations of stars formed, evolved and died resulting in varied objects including the solar system and life as we have, that populate the universe today. The radiation which decoupled from matter around 300,000 years after the Big Bang cooled and reached the present temperature of around 2.7K, exhibiting itself in the present era as a nearly isotropic background radiation in the infra red frequency, as discovered in 1964.
One of the major problems in this scenario is that the laws of physics require that matter and antimatter should form in equal amounts but what we see around is only matter. Where has the antimatter gone? It could form another isolated universe, because matter and antimatter together will annihilate each other.
The universe has been expanding and cooling ever since. In this theory most of the matter was formed in a tiny fraction of a second (10-seconds to 3 minutes) since the beginning and evolution is slowing down gradually. The first galaxies started forming in a billion years from the beginning. The theory is primarily based on the observations of Edwin Hubble that all the galaxies in the Universe are going away from each other. He found that the light coming from a galaxy becomes redder the farther the galaxy is from us. The shift of light towards red colour occurs when the source is rapidly going away from the observer. Hubble found that farther a galaxy, faster it is moving