Jaina Archaeology Outside India

Author(s): Jineshwardas Jain
Publisher: Bharat Varshiya Digambar Jain Mahasabha

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The places mentioned by Itsing were 1.Shri Kshetra in Burma, 2. Kamalanka which names Lankasu on the east coast of Malaya peninsula, 3. Dvaravati, 4. Poli-nan identidied as Funan, 5. Champa, 6. Pi-king in Annam and 7. Kwanchou identified as Tonkin. Huen-Sang who came to India in 629 AD also mentions Ishanpura and Mahachampa. Itsing has referred to Kalinga in south sea islands. This evidences that the founders of original Shri Vijaya kingdom were also Kalingas. These Ganga brothers adopted the dynastic name of Shailendra which is conjunct of two words-Shaila = hill or stone + Indra = master meaning king of mountains (7]. An Arab merchant by the name Ibn Khordadzeb (844-848) AD mentioned that the daily revenue of Sailendra king was 200 maunds of gold. Ibna Rosta (903 AD) calls the Sahailendra king as king of kings and adds that no other ruler is richer and more powerful than the maharaja (7]. Sri Kalhulunnan of 842 was a Shailendra princess and consort of king Pikatan, Sri Kahulannan granted land in 842 which was under her jurisdiction. Sri Kumbhayoni erected a Siva Linga ( again it means a jaina tirthankar statue) at the Ratubuka plateau in central Java celebrating victories. Shailendras were not permitting the merchant ships of west including India. This became the chief cause of active confrontation between the Chola naval power of India and the naval prowess of Greater India (Mahabharat) of Shailendras.
According to Suleman (851 AD) Shailendras were the suzerain power of Kambuja and repeatedly tried to impose their vassalage on Champa but they did not succeed in their attempts. Shailendras killed the Khmer king Mahipativerman and installed their puppet Jayaverman VII in 802 AD.
The University of Nalanda and other institutions of Kanchipurana attracted a large number of students from Suvarnabhumi and China. The world famous university of Nalanda, though known to be Buddhist but in fact it was a secular University which taught Buddhist philosophy, Vedas, Vedanga Upnishads, Mathematics, Science astronomy algebra, geometry sculpture, and even music and dancing (7].
Decline of Hinduism in Indonesia.
13th century saw the crisis and was the beginning of decline of Indian civilization. The wars between Champa and the new dynasty of Vietnam, the weakening of the Khmer power after the death of King Jayavarman VII about 1218 and the setting up of a newly independent Thai kingdom of Sukhothai as