________________
158
Jain Thought and Culture
dhaivata and rsabha are kşatriyas while gāndhāra and nişāda arc halfvaisya, half-sūdra 29
Svaras also have transcendental attributes Every svara has a specific deity (adhuisātr devata) şadja has Brahmă for its deity, rşabha has Agni--because this svara radiates a ficry brilliance,' gardhāra has the cow because it is pleasing to the cattle and the saurabheyas (1 C 'cattle' but also Rudra') come running on hearing it, pañcama has as its deity, Soma--for in the different musical grāmas this svara like the Moon, waxes and wanes in measure, dhaivata, too, for the same reason also has Sonia for its deity and nisada is Āditya-since this svara overpowers all others '30
Later texts also record attributes of this kind. Matanga (ca 7th century AD) and Sārngadeva (13th century AD), for example, give similar lists Their list of deities is however, quite at variance with that of the Náradiya Sikşā 3, There were, clearly, different traditions in this matter The varnas given in all texts are, however, identical 52
Envisioning such attributes was part of the ethos of the period when early theorisings on music and speech sounds developed The Yājñavalkya Siksa gives a similar scheme of attabutes for the phonemes
29 Náradiya Sikşă, 1, 4, 1-4
adyasya daivatam brahma şadyasyäpyucyate budhah tikşnadiptiprakāśarsādrşabhasya hurasanah gåvah pragite tuşyantı gândhärastena hetuna Śrutyä сaivopatisshanti saurabheya na samsay ah somastu pañcamasyāpi daisaram brahmaraf smrtam nirhraso yaśca vrddliśca grāmamāsadya somarat tasmādasya svarasyāpi dharvatatram vidhijate nişīdanti svarā yasmānnışādastena herunā sarvāmścábhibhaiaryeşa jadădityo' sya daivatamını
Naradiya Siksa, 1, 5, 12-18 The deity for madhyama is missing from the text Bhatta sobbokara in his tīkā interprets the passage as recounting Aditya for both dhaivata and nişāda This, we think, is misconstrued Dhaivata has been bracketed with pancama, not Dişada Like paūcama, dhaivata was the only other note which underwent an increase and decrease in measure in the two ancient grâmas Nānyadeva in this context clearly says 'somavad vsddhimāpanno dhai arah somadaivatah' Bharatabhāşya, 3, 17 31 şadjasya daivatanı brahmā rşabho vahnidaivatah
gāndhäro bhåraridero madhyamo haradaivarah pancamah sarayajfiastu dhani atc gananāj akah
nişādo bhänudevastu iryete syaradevatäh Brhaddesi 79-81 Sārngadeva's list has many dcities in common with this but not all Sangitaratnāk ara 1, 3, 57-58 32 Näpyadeva (12th ecotury AD) has 'karbura' for Dişāda Bharatabháşya 3, 4 Sārngadeva has the same Sangitaratnáhara 1, 3, 55 But this is not essentially different from the colour given by Nárada, since karbura' also means 'of a variegated colour
vatanyadeva invent an incrot disadas
