Jain Journal 2012 07

Author(s): Satyaranjan Banerjee
Publisher: Jain Bhawan Publication

Page 22

Sagarmal Jain: The Historical Development of Jaina-Joga-System
23
activities of mind, body and speech).
In these five types of yogas the adhyātma-yoga was accepted in other yoga systems as mahā-yoga. The concepts of bhāvanā (contemplation) and dhyāna are also present in Hindu yoga system. The samatā-yoga (equanimity) and vrattisaṁksaya-yoga (ceasation of the activities), as we have already seen these both are presented in Yogavāśişthya as well as in laya-yoga. In his Yoga vimsikā, Haribhadra mentions four types of yogas-- (1) āsana- (body-posture), (2) urņa(recitation of mantras), (3) ālambana and (4) anālambana. The concept of ūsana is also present in patanjali's Yoga-sūtra, Similarly urna is accepted in Hindu-yoga system as mantra-yoga or japa-yoga, simlarly alambana as bhakti-yoga and anālambana as laya-yoga. In the same way Haribhadra's eight yoga drstis are also arranged on the basis of eight yoga limbs of patañjali. Though Haribhadra accepted these various concepts from Buddhist and Hindu tantric systems, yet his peculiarity is that he arranged them according to Jaina tradition, but so far as the concepts of the pindastha, padastha, rupastha and rupātīta dhyānas along with their pārthivi āgneyā vāyavī and vāruņi dhāraņā as well as various types of prāņāyamas are concerned they came in Jaina works such as Jñānārņava of Subhacandra and Yogaśāstra of Hemacandra due to the impact of Hindu tantriism particularly Gheranda samhita and some other works. Here one thing to be noted that Subhacandra in his Jñānārņava and Hemacandra in his Yoga-śāstra also deals with the eight limbs of Patanjali's Yogasūtra in detail and so we must accept that these two ācāryas are mostly influenced by patañjali's Yoga-sūtra and other Hindu tāntric works, such as Gherandasaṁhita, Kūlārņave etc. Age of Rituals and Tantrik Impact (13th Century - 19th Century):
After Hemacandra and before Yasovijaya i.e. from 13th Century .to 16th Century, these four centuries can be considered as a dark age of Jaina-yoga. In this period Jaina-yoga, which was originally spiritual in nature was completely shoved into the back ground and