Jain Journal 2012 07

Author(s): Satyaranjan Banerjee
Publisher: Jain Bhawan Publication

Page 20

Sagarmal Jain: The Historical Development of Jaina-Joga-System
because these three jewels are considered in Jainism as a mokṣa mārga or in other words path of emancipation and so they are yoga. Here one thing to be noted that, though Haribhadra differs regarding the various kinds or stages of yoga in his different works, but one thing, which he unanimously accepts in all his yoga works that yoga is that, which unites to emancipation (TATUT UMUHIG ZITT:). We can see some impact of Kulārnava Tantra and other Tantra works in Haribhadra because he also metioned regarding to Kula-yogi, but generally he criticised the Tantra.
In this period after Haribhadra there are two other Jaina Ācāryas namely Subhacandra (11th century) and Hemacandra (12th century) who's contribution in the field of Jaina yoga is rearkable. Śubhacandra belongs to Digambara Jaina tradition and his famous yoga work is known as Jñānārņava, while Hemacandra belongs to Swetambara Jaina tradition and his notable work is known as Yogasāstra. For yogic sādhanā śubhacandra percribes the fourfold virtues of maitri (friendship with all beings), pramoda (appreciation of the merits of others). Karuņā (sympathy towards the needy persons) and Mādhyastha (equanimity or indeference towards unruly), as the prerequisite of the auspicious meditation29. Here, it is to be noted that these four refelexions are also accepted in Buddhism and Yoga-sūtra of Patañjali. Secondly while discussing the dharmadhyāna he mentions four types of it such as Piņdastha, Padastha Rupastha and Rupātīta, along with five types of dhāraṇās i.e. pārthivi, āgneyi, vāyavi (svasana), vāruņi and tattvarupavati of the piņdastha dhyāna. Here it to be noted these four types of dhyānas and five types of dhāranās were only available in Buddhist and Hindu tāntric literature and not in early Jaina- literature. After śubhacandra, the other important figure of Jaina yoga is Hemacandra. Though Hemacandra in his Yogaśāstra generally deals with three jewels of Jainism i.e. right knowledge, right vision and right conduct but in it he has given more stress on right conduct. While dealing with meditational methods he also elaborately discusses the piņdastha, padastha, rupastha and rupatita