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OCTOBER, 1978
fundamental to the Karma system theory. This knowledge is imparted through four types of measures: fluent (dravya), time (kāla), field (kṣetra) and phase (bhāva). The fluent measure is of three types: numerate, innumerate and infinite. Further details are available. The time measure is mainly of the following types: instant (samaya), trail (āvali), muhūrta, etc.; palya, sägara, utsarpiņi, avasarpiņi, kalpa and various types of periods counted on the basis of periodic changes in structural sets of various objects (parāvartana kāla). The field measure is of the following types point (pradesa), skandha (formed of the ultimate particles) and those based on the points contained in the finger and world line in linear, areal and cubic measures. The phase measure is the simultaneous measure of the above.
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Virasena relates the measures of the sets of the bios in different control (guna) stations (sthāna), and way-ward (margaṇā) stations through the above method. These tables form the tool of the system-theoretic technique. Similarly the measures of the structural karmic sets of matter in form of configuration (prakṛti), mass numbers (pradesa), energy-level (anubhāga-aṁsa), and life-time (sthiti) become the tools of the technique in the following texts.10
The state (sattva) is given in the form of a triangular matrix (trikona yantra), the input (āsrava) values are in the form of columns and the output (nirjarā, etc.,) values are in the form of rows. The operators are usually yoga and moha as well as time. Apart from these are the phase operators of a bios, which are perturbation factors accelerating or retarding the process and upsetting the very state structures. Later we shall see that the operators12 known as the low-tended (adhah-pravṛtta), the unprecedented (apūrva) and the invariant (anivṛtti) play a fundamental role in perturbing the states-structures, the bond-structures and the rise and annihilation processes of the karmic phenomena measured through the tetrad already shown.
The semantics, devoid of the symbolic technique, before the 15th century A.D. can be easily located from the treatment of the following topics. The six parts13 of the Satkhandagama are bios stations,
9. Cf. 3(a), books 3 and 4. Cf. also Kremyansky, V., 'Principel of Unity Control, Controllability and Self Organization in Biology' in Philosophical Aspects of Biology, Moscow, 1974, pp. 122-29.
10. Cf. 3(a) and (b) and 1(a) and (b).
11. Cf. 5(a) and (b).
12. Cf. 2(b).
13. Cf. 3(a). Cf. also Frantisek Cizek, 'Some Methodilogical Problems of Systematic Classifications', A.H.R.N.N.N.T., Prague, 1977, no. 10, pp. 21-37.
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