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SOCIOLOGY, RELIGION,
ETHNOLOGY & ICONOGRAPHY 309
original Nigantha order-Parsva doctrine-Modern interpretation of the term catuyama samvara-Contrast between Pārśva and Mahāvīra : The former was a mere religious teacher, the latter a religious philosopher-Mahāvīra's philosophic predecessor was Gośala-Three questions relating to the ecclesiastical history of the Jains, and their answers -Definition of Kiriyam.
Gośala, Mahāvīra and Buddha-Buddha's interpretation and criticism of pre-Jain and contemporary philosophers from the standpoint of his ethics-The fundamental categories and maxim of Mahavīras ethics-Modification of Buddha's interpretation of his predeces sor's fundamental ethical thesis, and of Mahāvīra's interpretation of pre-Jain philosophies-Difference between the views of Mahāvīra and Buddha, and the correlation of Niyativăda and Kriyāvāda.
The category of Jiva-Gośāla's determinism did not exclude the notion of freedom of the will, nor did Mahavira's dynamism altogether set aside the rule of fate-Gośāla, Mahāvīra and Buddha: Transition from a Biological to a psychological, or from a physical to an ethical stand-point-Threefold division of actions into deed, word, and thought-There is physical determinism: Soul is in its nature absolutely pure.
The category of Ajiva: Its signification-the problems of knowledge-Sañjaya, Mahāvīra and Buddha-Syādvāda-Pañca asti-kāya.
434
BAGCHI, P. C. Primitive Elements of Jainism. (JDL, V, 1921, pp. 349-364).
Introductory - Philosophy - Religious Rites and SuperstitionsMythology Conclusion and Probabilities.
435
DEB, HARIT KRISHNA. The Svastika and the Onkāra. (JPASB, xvii, 1921, pp. 231-244).
P. 232. The Svastika has long been a favourite emblem with the Jains whose traditions represent it as having been the special sign
