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valley between A. D. 455-84. The first invasion of India by the Hüņas was repelled by Skandagupta-Vikramaditya in A. D. 455. From these facts the conclusion is inevitable that Kalidasa composed the verses quoted above when the Hûnas were still in the Oxus valley and shortly before they invaded the Gupta empire in A. D. 455. At this time Kalidasa appears to have been very young, as he speaks of his poetical efforts with extreme diffidence and in such depreciating terms as मन्दः कवियशःप्रार्थी गमिष्याम्युपहास्यताम् ।
Raghu I. 3. His masterpiece, the immortal Sakuntala, must have been a later production of his genius. He was thus contemporary with Vikramaditya II of the Gupta Dynasty. This view rests upon the identification of the Vankú or Vaikshû with the Oxus river and upon the fact that the Hůņas first appeared in the Oxus valley in the beginning of the fifth century.
_In the last verse quoted above, Mallinātha reads कपोलपाटलादशि and explains पाटलस्य पाटलिW argaret, alluding to a well-known Indian custom: रिपुसुन्दरीणां करतलताडनभीतैरिव मुक्काहारैः पयोधरपरिसरो मुक्त
Vásavadattá, Hall's Ed., p. 42. On the other hand Vallabhalo reads कपोलपाटनादेशि and explains कपोलपाटनमाहि(दि)शतीति ... q ua() at yra: * TI 91 peraturer. Oharitravardhana and Samtivijaya adopt this reading, and say na
Trgreffa TTT:. In Thomas Watters' work on the Travels of Yuan-Chwang, describing the social characteristics common to the tribes and districts between China and India, we read:
"They burn their dead and have no fixed period of mourning. They flay (?) the face and cut off the ears."
Watters, Vol. I, p. 40 ** Among some tribes it apparently was the custom to tear or gash the face at the funeral of a parent or chief."
Idem, p. 41. "We find it recorded, moreover, that when the death of Tang T'ai Tsung was announced, the barbarians sojourning at the capital expressed their sorrow by wailing, cutting off their hair, gashing (?) their faces and cutting their ears, until the blood washed the ground."
Idem, p. 42. From these extracts it is evident that Kalidasa must have written kapola-pátana,' to tear and gash the face,' and not kapola-pdtala, the latter reading being substituted by the Southern comentators like Mallinâtha in accordance with Indian notions.
From the two verses discussed above, we learn that Kalidasa was contemporary with the Hûņas of the Oxas valley, who were defeated by Skandagapta-Vikramaditya in A. D. 455 and who killed the Sassanian king Firoz, in A. D. 484, and that it was the custom, among the Hûna women, to tear and gash the face at the funeral of their husbands.
In my paper on Buddhamitra, the teacher of Vasubandha, I have shown that Dignaga belongs to the latter half of the fifth century. It is thus clear that Kalidasa and Dignaga were contemporaries and lived in the time of Vikramaditya II of the Gupta Dynasty. This confirms the tradition preserved by Mallinåtha. CONTRIBUTIONS TO PANJABI LEXICOGRAPHY.
SERIES III. BY H. A. ROSE, T.C.S.
(Continued from p. 243.) Taola: a bowl for keeping sugar, etc. Karnal S. R., 1872-80, p. 121. Taola, taula : quickly. Kangra Gloss.
Tap, tapali: the duct or passage by which water enters a field. Opp. to paind, g.v. Kangra Gloss. Tapri: a small shed or thatched house. Kangra Glogs.
1 D. C. MS. No. 150 of A. 1882-83.
