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78
INDIAN ANTIQUARY, VOL. XXXIII, 1904; APPENDIX
($ 34, A.
order to express figures consisting of tens and units, or of hundreds, tens and units, and so forth, the symbols for the smaller numbers are placed either unconnected to the right of, or vertically below, the higher ones. The first principle is followed in all inscriptions and on most coins, the second on a few coins and in the pagination of all manuscripts. In order to express 200 and 2000, one short stroke is added to the right of 100 and 1000. Similarly, 300 and 3000 are formed by the addition of two strokes to the same elements. [75] Ligatures of 100 and 1000 with the signs for 4 to 9 and 4 to 70, stood for 400 to 900 and 4000 to 70000 (the highest known figure), and the smaller figures are connected with the right side of the larger ones.
The Jaina MSS. offer, however, an exception in the case of 400. In the pagination of their MSS., both the Jainas and the Bauddhas use mostly the decimal figures for 1 to 3 (plate IX A, cols. XIX-XXVI), more rarely the Aksaras E (eka), dvi, tri, or sva (1), sti (2), ári (8), the three syllables of the well-known Mangala, with which written documents frequently begin. Occasionally the same documents combine the daught and other figures of the decimal system with the ancient numeral symbols. Similar mixtures occur also in some late inscriptions, Thus, the year 183 of Devendravarman's Cicacole plates is given first in words and next expressed by the symbol for 100, the decimal 8, and the syllable lo, it. loka = 3 (see below, $ 35, A), while the day of the month, 20, is given only in decimal figures.
In the MSS., the signs of this system are always distinct letters or syllables of that. alphabet in which the manuscript is written. They are however not always the same. Very frequently they are slightly differentiated, probably in order to distinguish the signs with numeral values from those with letter values. In other cases there are very considerable variants, which appear to have been canged by misreadings of older signs or dialectic differences in pronunciation. The fact that these symbols really are letters is also acknowledged by the name aksarapalli, which the Jainas occasionally give to this system, in order to distinguish it from the decimal notation, the aikapalli. A remark of the Jaina commentator Malayagiri (12th centary), who calls the sign for 4 the Akasabda, "the word nka," indicates that he really pronounced, not catuh, but nika.
The phonetical valnes of the symbols in plate IX, A, cols. XIX-XXVI, and of some others, given by BENDALL (B.), BHAGVĀNLĀL INDRĀJI (Bh.), KIELHORN (K.), LEUMANN (L.), and PETERBON (P., see note 8 on page 77 above), are:
4 = ika (XIX ; compare L., p. 1); with intentional differentiation, rika (L., p. 1.) and rika (XXV); with na for na and additions, nka (XXVI; B., Bh.), rîka (XXIV; compare K.), or pka (XX, XXI), or hka (XXIII; B.).
5 =tr (XIX, XXI, XXV, XXVI; B., Bh., K.); with intentional differentiation, rty (Bh., K); with a mistaken interpretation of the top-stroke as , ria (XXIV); with
• IA. 6, 47.
1 Compare J.RAS, 1889, 128. . IA. 6, H4; KIEL HORN, Report for 1880-81, X; PETERSON, First Report, 57. * KIELHORN, loo. cit.; BENDALL, Catalogue, LIII.
• Compare facsimile in EI. 3, 133, and see the Additions and Corrections of that volume; the signs have been given in pl. IX, col. XV, under 2, 3, 86, 100 a. For other cases of mixtures, see FLEET, GI(CII, 3), 292, and IA. 14, 351, where the date is, however, 800 4 9 - 819.
5 Oral information.
Preparation of Plate IX, A, cols. XIX-XXVI :
Col. XIX ; from foosimiles in HOURNLR'S "The Col. XXIV; drawn according to the tables of Bowor MS."
BRAGVĀNLAL, KIBLHORN, and LEUMANN.
Col. XXV; drawn from the same sources; but 8, 9, Cols. XX-XXIIT, and XXVI; outtinge from 100. are cuttings from ZACHARIAN's photograph of the BENDALL'S Table of Numerala, Nos. 2049, 1703, 836, Sahasan kacarita of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1643, 1688.
Col. XXVI; see above, under cols. XX-XXIIL
