________________ 102 INDIAN ANTIQUARY, VOL. XXXIII, 1984; APPENDIX. BCS g. rahasika) or a goneral (sonapati, baladhiksta). Oocasionally, they assert that the drafting was done by a stone-mason, a sulradharal or tvarta,8 who, however, in reality merely engraved the grant. According to Kalbaga,s the Kashmirian kings kept a special official for this work; he bore the title pattopadhyaya,"the teacher (charged with the preparation) of title deeds," and belonged to the aksapatdla office, which STEIN believes to be the Accountant-General's Office, while I take it to be the Record Office or Court of Rolls (Daftar). The Sasanas name only rarely, and in late times, the person by whom the plates were engraved (utkirna, unmilita). The engravers mentioned ate various artisans, a pitalahara, Lohakara or ayaskara, i d., the Kansar or coppersmith of the present day, a sutradhara, "stone-mason," a hemakara or sunara (probably eqdivalent to sonara), "goldsmith," a eilpin? or vijnanica, o "an artisan." In the Kalinga Sasanas; we find in their stead an aksasalin, aksatalika, akhasalin, or akhasale, whereby a member of the goldsmith caste, now called Aksale,10 is meant. Finally, the existence of manuals for clerks and writers must be mentioned. We still panidess several works of this kind, among which the Lekhapaicasika gives the rules for drafting not only private letters, btat also land-grants and the treaties between kings, while a section of somendra-V yasadasa's Lokaprakasa shows how the various kinds of bonds, bills of exchange (hundi) and so forth ought to be done. Il CONCLUDING REMARKS. [96] DR. W. CARTELLIERI, whose name appears at the bottom of the Plates, is responsible for the drawing and tracing of the letters for which no cattings from facsimiles were available, as well as for the arrangement and the retouche of the onttings, except in the case of plates VII-IX, which were finished by a young lithographer, MR. BOHM. I have also to acknowledge Dr. CARTELLIERi's assistance in the selection of the signs, which in a few cases he has made independently, and in others has been influenced by a revision of my proposals ; and I have to thank him for various ingenious remarks on the Indian alphabets, as well as for a collection of the variants in the Asoka edicts. If I have been able to illastrate most of the Indian alphabets by cuttings from facsimiles, instead of by hand-drawn signs, I owe this chiefly to my friend Dr. J. BUBGES8, who during many years has kindly furnished me with separate copies of his excellent reproductions of Indian inscriptions. Some other donors of facsimiles or photographs, Dr. E. HULTZSCH, PROFESSOR E, LAUMANx, and Dr. 8. von OLDENBURG, have already been mentioned in the notes. 1 IA, 19, 248; J.BBRAS, 13, 4. * EI. S. 156, 250, where it is said that the tvasta Viramacarya wrote the grants of Aoyataraya and Verkata. raya, as well as that of Sad@kiraraya dated A. D. 1556. 8 Rajatarangini, V, 897 1. (STRIX). * EI. 4, 170; IA, 17, 227, 230, 233. 6 IA. 15, 860. L E I 3, 814; IA. 18, 17. . ?IA, 17, 234, .IA. 16, 208; the lohakara Kuke is likewise oalled vinani, i. e, vijnanika, IA. 17, 230. * IA. 13, 188, 18, 146; EI. 8, 19, 213, and the oorrection of the translation (p. 21) at the end of the volume, ** BAINEB, Imperial Census Report, 2, 8, where the Akmales of Madras are mentioned. They are found, however, also in the Kanarose districta of the Bombay Presidency. . 11 BHANDARKAR, Report on the Search for Sanskrit M98., 1888-83, 88; Kashmir Report, 75 ; regarding letterwriters see also RAJENDRALAL MITRA, in tough's Papers, 16, 183, and BURNELL, in ESIP, 89.
