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THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
[DECEMBER, 1894.
animals, a .d are forbidden to use the animal after whom they are called.20 Thus the Tirkis, or Mice, may not eat mice; Ekhars, or Tortoises, may not eat the tortoise; Kirpôts may not eat the stomach of a pig; Lakrars may not eat tiger's flesh; Kujrars may not eat oil from the tree or sit in its slade; Gedhiars may not eat the kite; Khakha's may not eat the crow; Minjars may not eat the cel; Kerketars may not eat the bird of that name; and Barars may not eat from fig leaves.21 The Sauthals have twelve tribes, but only one is called after an animal.22
The clan guardian seems to appear among the tribes of Central Asia, many of whom trace their descent from animals." The Chinese have clan-names and keep the role forbidding the people of the same clan-name marrying. The Japanese of the old Shinto faith have a kami, or guardian saint, in each house.25 In Australia the badge or clan-guardian, which is called kobong, is widespread. It is accompanied with the two rules -- that succession is generally through the mother, and that people with the same crest may not marry.28 They have nlso the rule forbidding the killing, or use, of the clan-guardian.27 The Australian tribes are called after animals, as Murni the kangaroo, Tdhuru the brown-snake, Kuraki the opossum. When they go to war each carries his own animal stuffed as a standard.29 The Australian guardians are both plants and animals. Many of the animals are birds, and one is a fish. They believe that their forefathers were turned from these animals into men.20 The Philippine islanders had many ancestral guardians called anitos, whom they called in time of trouble.30 The Fiji islanders have badges, and follow the rule that the badge may not be eaten. He who worships the eel-god must never eat eel. Some cannot eat men, because their badge is man.31 In Africa tribes have a badge or guardiun, and keep the rule against marriage between people with the same crest.32 The Banyai of Equatorial Africa pray to the dead. The Veddahs think the spirits of ancestors guard them, and the Dakotahs and the New Caledonians call on ancestors to help.33
Many North American tribes have a clan-guardian, generally an animal, bear, wolf, or deer. The guardian is held to be the clan-ancestor, and marriage between families of the same guardian is forbidden. In many cases the child takes its mother's guardian.34 It was an American rule that the guardian was not to be killed.36 Besides the clan-guardian some of the American tribes had & personal guardian. Each youth sees his guardian in a dream. It may be an animal or part of one, the skin or the claws, & feather or u shell; & plant, a stone, a knife, a pipe. This becomes his protector, and is buried with him.36 In other tribes the naked child was laid on a bed of ashes, and the marks which were found next morning became his guardian,37 The Canadians have also guardians or medicines. The red-maise is the oldest : the red deer the strongest,38 The Eskimos have also guardians, but their rules are less strict. If they are unlucky they start a new guardian, and under certain circumstances they may shoot their guardian.3. The idols of the South American Indians are guardian spirits of places.40 They will not kill the animal, from which they believe they are sprung. Among the Amazulus the ancestral spirits of one tribe go to fight the ancestral spirits of the other.43 The Amazulu ancestors are angry when their ritos are neglected. In the Roman camp the eagles and other standards held a first 20 Dalton's Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 57.
21 Op. cit. p. 256.
22 Op. cit. p. 213. 25 Furl, Rer. Vol. VI. New Series, p. 418.
24 Early History of Man, p. 280. 25 Silver's Japan, p. 39.
26 Early History of Man, p. 294. 27 Fort. Rev. Vol. VI. p. 411.
98 Jour. Anthrop. Inat. Vol. VII. p. 219. 20 Fort, Rer. Vol. VI. p. 410.
3 Careri in Churchill, Vol. IV. p. 431. 81 Fort, Reu. Vol. VI. p. 421; Tylor's Primitive Culture, Vol. II. p. 232. Early History of Man, p. 289. Spencer's Princ. of Sociology, Vol. I. p. 295.
# Early History of Man, p. 284. 85 Bancroft, Vol. III. p. 35. Among the animal guardians were (Fort. Rev. Vol. VI. New Series, p. 413) wolf, bear, beaver, turtle, deer, snipe, heron, hawk, crano, duck, turkey, musk-rat, pike, cat fish, sturgeon, carp, buffalo, elk, reindeer, englo, hare, rabbit and anake. Many others were plants (op. cit. p. 411), sand, water and rock were also guardians (op. cit. p. 413); and so were the sun and the moon (op. cit. pp. 419, 420).
> Tylor's Primitive Culture, Vol. II. p. 155. ST Bancroft, Vol. III. p. 467. 33 Fort. Rev. Vol. VI. New Series, p. 412.
39 Bancroft, Vol. III. p. 128. 4. Jour. Ethno. Soc. Vol. II. p. 231.
1 Spencer's Princ. of Sociology, Vol. I. p. 366. 12 Op. cit. Vol. I. p. 210.
+ Op.cit. Vol. I. p. 211.
