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140 INDIA. AS DESCRIBED IN EARLY TEXTS
JUL
'independence, adhering to their own socia system. Those forming the first category ar broadly classed as five hānajātis or 'low tribes who followed hinasinnas. or 'low trades. Th Yonas and Kambojas of Uttarāpatha ma be mentioned as two typical examples of those who belonged to the second category .
In contradistigation to the toma upper grades of Khattiya ibhanga 1
rāhmaṇa, the Vinaya Suttate womerates the five hinajātis as the Caņņāla, Vena, Nisāda, Rathakāra ( = Cammakāra) and Pukkusa. Of these 'low tribes, the Caņdālas are distinguished from the Pukkusas as corpse-throwers (chamachaddhaka) from the methars and sweepers (pupphachadqhakā). The Voņas are the workers in bamboo, the Rathakäras the workers in leather and the Nesādas the hunters (including the fowlers). In the opinion of Rhys Davids, they were 'aboriginal tribesmen', the last three being horeditary craftsmon. In some of the enumerations, we have mention only of the first two just below the four recognised social grades of Khattiya, Brāhmaṇa, Vessa and Sudda, the implication being that the five despised classes were typified by them. From
1 Anguttara, 1, p. 107; ii, p. 85. & Buddhist India, p. 64. .
5 Anguttara, i, p. 162; iii, p. 214: Khattiya-Brāhmana-Veggām Sudda-Candale-Irukkuse.
