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RELIGION
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kutīcaka, bahūdaka, hamsa, paramahamsa and
uriyātītaporamahamsa, saniyama or aniyama. According to the Upanişads, the goal of the ätura (=kanha) is Bhūrloka, that of the Joutīcaka (=nila) is Bhuvarloka, that of the bahūdaka (=lohita) is Svargaloka, that of the hamsa (=halidda) is Tapoloka, that of the paramahamsa (=sukka) is Satyaloka, and that of the turiyātītaparamahamsa (=paramasukka) 18 Kaivalya. The turiyātītaparamahamsa cul. minates as avadhūta. According to the Aupapā. tika Sūtra, the destiny of worldly men is Vāņamantra, that of the Vānaprastha Tāpasas is the world of the Jyotişi gods, that of the Paribbājakas is Brahmaloka, and that of the Ajīvikas is Acyutapada . And according to Buddhaghosa, the goal of the Brāhmaṇas is Brahmaloka, that of the Täpasas is Ābhassaraloka, that of the Paribbājakas is Subhakiņņaloka and that of the Ājivikas is Anantamānasa &
The various forms of penances (tapas, dukkarakārikā) constituted the external feature of their religious efforts, and the various modes of Yoga or Jhāna practised by them constituted its internal feature. In the Jātakas, many among the ancient hermits are said to have mastered the eight samāpattis, each of them representing a particular form of ecstasy or
1 Aupapānka Sutra, gecs. 70, 71, 74, 81, 120.
2 Papancasüdani, pt. II, p. If, CulasThanāds Sutta.
