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1. Pūrva-Mīmānsä School of Realism
Both the scholars viz., Bhatta and Prabhakara, believe in two independent realities. But a close study of the Mimärisä-Sutra in which it is indicated that knowledge is produced when the sense-organ comes in contact with the object, shows quite clearly that the writer believes in the separate and independent existence of knowledge from objects.
SELF STUDY IS THE
SUPREME AUSTERITY
स्वाध्याय
It is eternal.22 It is distinct from knowledge and is free from consciousness.23 It is subject to change.24
2. Nyaya-Valleşika School of Realism
It holds that spirit and matter are two independent substances. It believes in seven categories of reality. Matter, which is an important factor in the concept of Realism, has been shows as eternal, non-momentary and cognizable through one or more means of valid cognition.
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STUDIES
3. Jain Theory of Realism
In the Bhagavati-sūtra a question is asked by Gautama in connection with the conception of universe. Lord Mahāvīra replied in a direct manner. The conversation is as follows: Gautama: "O Lord! What is universe?"
Tattva-traya, p. 35
23Ibid, pp. 41, 46
24Ibid, p. 41
25 Tattva-traya, p. 41
Vikarspadam
Mahāvīra: O Gautama! This universe is composed of five extensive substances. They are the medium of motion, the medium of rest, space, soul and matter. 25
4. Vaibhāṣika and Souträntika Schools of Realism
According to Vaibhāṣikas, knowledge, consciousness or intellect is formless, while it has forms according to Soutrantikas. The former believes in the direct perceptibility of the outside world, while the latter holds it to be entirely inferential. The Vaibhāṣika system
STUDY NOTES version 5.0
In some chapters of the Bhagavati-sūtra, Time is mentioned as a separate entity but not extensive.26
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