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B.1.2.3.2
Women Ascetics in Jaina Tradition
Dr. Mrs. K. Majumdar
1.0 Introduction Jainism is a non-Vedic, śramanic religion, which denies the existence of a creator God and instead, accepts the authority of its own agamas. The ideas and practices expounded by the Tirthamkaraswere continuously preached and developed by the ascetics of the Jaina tradition, and asceticism and renunciation have been the hallmark of the Jaina tradition. All the Tirthamkaraswere believed to have established a four- fold religious community, caturvidha sangha, of monks, nuns and of lay-followers, male and female. The ascetic community and the laity have always lived in harmony and interdependence; and the former, who live a hard and austere life of total renunciation, has always enjoyed a superior and respectful position in Jaina society.
One of the important characteristic features of Jaina asceticism is the liberal attitude towards women who are permitted to embrace the ascetic life. They are given the full scope in matters of spiritual aspiration right from the beginning. During the period of all the Tirthamkaras, women ascetics have always featured in a vital manner and have also exceeded in number the male ascetics. The ascetic practice and the codes of conduct are more or less the same for the nuns and the monks, characterized by severe mortificatory practices like fasting, putting up with all sorts of bodily troubles by complete indifference to it.
The women monastic tradition in Jainism is the most ancient in the history of monasticism throughout the world, which is exclusively Indian. Although it has been affected by historical circumstances and has undergone some modifications in the course of the centuries, it has remained surprisingly the same. The Jaina nuns were very numerous in the past and still number almost ten thousand. Most are in the Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Punjab regions, but one comes across them on all the main roads. It is a unique monastic tradition in India, for the other, Hindu religious traditions has no female monasticism. There have been a few isolated cases of holy women leading an ascetical life, but not a monastic tradition. The Buddhist nuns began at a later period than the Jaina nuns; they quickly disappeared from India, and the original tradition was considerably modified according to time and place.
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