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APPENDIX II
Non-injury, truth, non-stealing, ablutions in water in the morning, at noon, and in the evening, obedience towards the teacher, continence, sleeping on the ground, wearing one garment only, and fasting-that are the austerities (penances).284
This rule closely agrees with the vows of the sannyāsin (v. above II 5A), and Baudhāyana and Manu obviously presuppose that following some of the sannyāsin's vows for a limited time can free from minor sins. Entering the order of sannyāsa after going through the other three āśramas is, according to Manu, the means to remove all sins. 285
Āpastamba inserts before the chapter on penances a passage on the knowledge of the atman, and the means by which this knowledge is attained, imply ahimsā, though the term is not used:
He shall attend to the methods of concentration which lead to the Self, are accompanied by the abandoning (of passions) and instrumental in not bringing (the passions) forth (again). There is found nothing higher than the attainment of the Self. Therefore we shall quote as examples verses which refer to the attainment of the Self: 'All animate beings are the castle of the (Self), who is lying in concealment, who is not killed, who is spotless; those who attend to the immovable (Self) who lives in a movable dwelling (become) immortal.' [641] ‘Despising all what is called an object (of the senses) in this world, the wise man shall attend to that one who is lying in concealment.'286 'The wise one who sees all beings in the Self, who reflecting (upon this) does not become perplexed, and who sees the Self everywhere, that Brahman, in truth, shines in heaven ... From him (the Self), the highest, who divides himself, spring all the bodies; he is the root, permanent, eternal.'287 'But, the extinction
284 Baudh 3, 10, 13 ahimsā satyam astainyam savanesūdakopasparśanam gurusu
srūsā brahmacaryam adhahsayanam ekavastratānāšaka iti tapāmsi. Cf. also the śloka on purification 1,5,8,2 (the soul is purified by ahimsā) which recurs
in the chapter on ascetic householders 3, 2, 27 (v. above II 4 C). 285 Cf. M 6,85.96. 286 Āp 1, 8, 22, 1 adhyātmikān yogān anutişthen nyāsasamhitān anaiścărikān.
2 ātmalābhān na param vidyate. 3 tatrātmalābhīyāñ cchlokan udāharisyāmah. 4 pūḥ prāņinaḥ sarva eva guhāśayasyāhanyamānasya, vikalmaşasyācalam calaniketam ye 'nutişthanti te 'mrtāḥ.5 yad idam id ihed iha loke visayam ucyate,
vidhūya kavir etad anutişthed guhāśayam. 287 Ap 1,8, 23,1 ātman paśyan sarvabhūtani na muhyec cintayan kavih, ātmānam
caiva sarvatra pasyet sa vai brahmā nākaprsthe virajati. 2... paramesthi vibhājah, tasmāt kāyāh prabhavanti sarve sa mālam śāśvatikaḥ sa nityah.
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