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COMPARISON AND EVALUATION
inference based on reason.' The word heu occurs in Dasaveyäliyanijjutti2, too. In its v. 86, it is said to be four-fold. Several terms of debate occur in Suūyagada. They are : pakkha (a party), chalas ( a quibble ), viyakkā' (speculation) and takka' In Thāna (s. 338) we come across the word nād (Sk. jñāta) meaning an example. It is there divided into 4 kinds, each having 4 varieties. Further this Anga enumerates 6 expedients employed in a hostile debate or debate a l'outrance', and it enumerates 10 defects of a debate." In Dasaveyāliyanijjutti (v. 137)" are mentioned 10 members of a syllogism, and in v. 138-148 is given a demonstration of this syllogism as applied to ahimsā.
199
Syadvāda Syadvāda having anekantavāda etc., for its synonyms, is a key-note of Jainism. So it is no wonder, if we find several references pertaining to it in the canonical and non-canonical philosophical works of the Jainas. The word aneganta occurs in mahānisīha as can be seen from its quotation in Upadeśaratnakara of Munisundara Suri (B. O. R. I., No. 1263 of 1884-87). The word siyā (Sk syāt) is found in Jivajivābhigama (s. 125 ) and Anuogaddāra (s.142), and the word syādvāda occurs in Hemacandra's commentary (p. 266 ) on Anuogaddāra. The origin and usage of syādvāda can be traced
1. अत्थि तं अत्थि सो हेऊ १, अत्थि तं णत्थि सो हेऊ २, णत्थि तं अत्थि सो हेऊ ३, णत्थि तं णत्थि सो हेऊ ।" (IV, 3; s. 338 ). Herein one can see the germs of a syllogism.
2. “जिणवयणं सिद्धं चैव भण्णए कत्थई उदाहरणं आसज्ज उ सोयारं हेऊ वि कर्हिचि भण्णेज्ज ॥४९॥" 3. "अहवा वि इमो हेऊ विन्नेओ तत्थिमो चउविअप्पो । जावग थावग वंसग लूसग हेऊ चउत्थोउ ॥८६॥" 4-5. "इमं दुपक्खं इममेगपक्खं आहंसु छलाययणं च कम्मं ॥ " – 1, 12, 5.
6. " एवमेगे वियक्काहि नो अन्नं पज्जुवासिया । अप्पणो य वियक्कार्हि अयमंजू हि दुम्मई ॥२१॥”–I, 1, 2 "एवं तक्काइ साहेन्ता धम्माधम्मे अकोविया । दुक्खं ते नाइतुट्टेन्ति सउणी पंजरं जहा ॥२२॥ – 1, 1, 2
7.
8. " चउव्विहे णाए पण्णत्ते, तं जहा- आहरणे, आहरणतद्देसे, आहारणतद्दोसे, उवण्णासोवणए" (s. 338). Cf.
Dasaveyāliyanijjutti (v. 53 ).
9. "छव्विहे विवादे पण्णत्ते, तं जहा ओसक्कतित्ता, उस्सक्कइत्ता, अणुलोमइत्ता, पडिलोमइत्ता भइत्ता भेलतित्ता ।"
Thāna (VI; s. 512)
10. " दसविहे दोसे पण्णत्ते,
तं जहा
तज्जायदोसे, महभंगदोसे, पसत्थारदोसे, परिहरणदोसे ।
सलक्खण-कारण- हेउदोसे, संकामणं निगाह वत्थुदोसे ॥"
11. "ते उ पत्र विभत्ती हे विभत्ती विवक्ख पडिसेहो । दिट्टंतो आसंका तप्पडिसेहो निगमणं च ॥१३७॥ "
12. In v. 50, a syllogism having 5 members is referred to. These members appear to be the same as pratijñā, hetu, udaharana, upanaya and nigamana mentioned in Gautama's Nyayasutra (1, i, 32).
13. For a tentative list of sources dealing with syadväda see my intro. (pp. xi-xii) to Anekantajayapatäkä (vol. 1) published with two commentaries. (G. O. S.)
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