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330 EPIGRAPHIA INDICA
[Vol. XXVIII review was anusrita (possibly meaning 'endorsed') among others by the Vaisvāsika Bhavanága, Vishayapati Srīdatta, Amsa-brihadbhõgika Sudumāka and Karanika Nāgadatta.
It seems that Pțithivivigraha who, according to the Sumandala inscription, was governing the Kalinga răshtra as a viceroy of the imperial Guptas in the Gupta year 250 and Lokavigraha who was ruling independently over the Tõsali country comprising the northern part of ancient Kalinga and also Utkala) in the Gupta year 280, belonged to the same family which may be called the Vigraha dynasty of Orissa. It is clear that all vestiges of imperial Gupta influence in Orissa disappeared before the date of our record. It is also clear now that the history of Orissa in the second half of the sixth century was characterised by the rivalry between the Vigrahas and the royal house of the Mānas represented by king Sambhuyasas of the Mudgala or Maudgalya götra, who is known to have been ruling over Uttara-Tõsali in the Gupta year 2601 and Dakshina-Tõsali in the year 283, side by side with the Vigrahas. The expansion of the rule of Sambhuyaśas over South Tosali before the year 283 suggests the discomfiture of the Vigrahas at the hands of the Mānas. This struggle between the Vigrahas and Mānas seems to have facilitated the conquest of Orissa probably from the Mānas by king Sasänka of Gauda sometime before the Gupta year 300.8
Of the geographical names mentioned in the inscription, Tõsali was originally the name of the chief city of Kalinga identified with modern Dhauli near Bhubaneswar in the Puri District. It seems that with the foundation of the kingdom of the Gangas who claimed the title "lord of Kalinga or Trikalinga" with their capital at Kalinganagara (modern Mukhalingam in the Chicacole or Srikakulam District), the rulers of northern Kalinga felt the necessity of applying the new name to their dominions. The country of Tõsali comprised not only northern Kalinga but also ancient Utkala and thus often included the western part of the Midnapur District in the north-east and the eastern fringe of the Ganjam District in the south-west. Dakshiņa-Tõsali or South Tosali roughly corresponded to nothern Kalinga (modern Pari District with parts of Cuttack and Ganjam) and Uttara-Tõsali or North Tosali to the Utkala country (modern Balasore District with parts of Cuttack and Midnapur). The description of Tõsali as comprising eighteen forest states in our record seems to be the earliest reference to the tradition of the so-called Athara-gada-jāta of Orissa. The vishaya of Utida or Muțida and the village of Urdhvaspinga cannot be satisfactorily identified. Chaikāmbaka or Ekāmbaka, where the matha of the deity Maņināgēśvara was situated, is also difficult to locate. I am not sure if the matha can be identified with the present Kanās Matha. If, however, the name is really Ekāmbaka, it may possibly be regarded as a variant of Ekāmra (or Ekāmraka) which is an old name of modern Bhubaneswar. The name of Maninaga, son of Kadrü, is famous in the Puranic literature. That the Maņināga cult was popular in Orissa is proved by the existence of the Maņināga hill at Raņpur in Orissa as well as of the goddess Maņinäga-Durgā worshipped there. Whether, however, the Manināga-matha was situated at Raņpur cannot be determined in the present state of our knowledge. Maņinägēśvara may also indicate a siva-linga installed
* See the Patiakella plate (above, Vol. IX, pp. 287 f.). *Cf. the Soro plate A (above, Vol. XXIII, pp. 201-02).
* See the Ganjam plate (above, Vol. VI, pp. 143 ff.). Mr. S. N. Rajaguru's views regarding Sasinks (J. A. H. R. 8., Vol. XIX, pp. 119 ff.) are not worthy of serious consideration.
For another early tradition regarding the eighteen forest kingdoms including the Dabhalá kingdom, see the Khoh plate of Sathkshobha (Select Inscriptions, p. 375). For the traditions regarding countries or kingdoms comprising eighteen forts, see P. Acharya in Proc. Ind. Hist. Cong., 1949. pp. 282-84. For the use of eighteen' vaguely indicating & multitude, see Pali Dictionary, P.T.S., s.v. affha. Cf. the epithet 'lord of all the Göndramas or of 18 Göndramas' in many early records of Orissa.
• Vide Skanda Purana, Avantyakhanda, Révakhanda, chapter 72. The cult of Maninaga was popular in various other parts of India. For the Maninaga-tirtha at Rajagriha, see Mahabharata, III, 84, 106 ff. Maninaga seems to have been identical with the Yaksha Manibhadra widely worshipped in ancient India. See above, Vol. XVIII. p. 159; A. 8. R., 1918-16, Part II, p. 106 ; J. N. 8. I., Vol. XII, pp. 179 ff., etc,
