English Sanskrit Dictionary

Author(s): Vaman Shivram Apte
Publisher: Radhabai Atmaram Sagoon

Page 12

DIRBOTIONS TO THE STUDENT.”. ( TO BE STUDIED BEFORE USING THE DICTIONARY.).
1. Words and their derivatives are arranged in the following order : first the radical or primitive word, in all its different parts of speech; then compound words, arranged in alpha, betical order; (in the case of verbs, such words as Break off, Turn out, are given al- Ok, -out); and then the derivatives which are always distinguished by a black dash; those formod rogularly being given first, and the irregular ones, written fully, after them ( 86 Ambl. tion, Humble, Young )
Noto.--This order is not regularly observed in the first three letters, compound words and derivatives being, in a few cases, both distinguished by black dashes.
2. In giving the terminations by which derivatives are formed, the changes which the, final and initial letters undergo, e.g. the dropping, doubling or assimilation of letters are 84 sumed; the terminations being always given in their original form; 800 Out, Hurry, Mature,
3. (a) A small black dash (-) marks the commencement of a new derivative. (6) A word preceded by a large black dash ( ) indicates that the derivatives given after it, are from that word and not from the radical or primitive word; see Die, Dead. (C) A hyphen used in the middle of Sanskrit words indicates that each of the members separated by the hyphen is to be repeated with the word after it; or that the word after the hyphen is to be taken as an alternative for the word immediately before it ( to be, in some cases, decided by the context ); e. y. in HAVE, 1. 9, T H-F741-17 means
, Fire ; in' PRACTICE, 1. 3, AFUERT:71-means :, frag1, ferragam. (d) A. hyphen followed by a comma (,) indicates that the word after it may stand by itself or may be joined with the word before it ; e. 9. in PLACE, 1. 1, 4-5T: means the word is either :, or T. () A comma followed by a hyphen 6-) indicates that the word after it may be compounded with the word proceding it; e. y. in STAGE, I. 1, :,- means the word is either it:, or TTIK. (f) o denotes that the word immediately before it which is separated by a comma, may be compounded with the words which it connects ; e. y. PREVENT, 1.1, c., fa-fans, means the root is also faq c. and farlar c.
4. In the case of substantives, the nominative case, wherever it could sc once indicate the gender, has been given ; the visarga thus indicates masculine gender, and anusvaraneuter gender. Where the nominative is not indicative of the gender, it is given as m., f., N., as the case may be. All substantives ending in consonants have their genders specified as m., f., or n.
5. In the case of adjectives, the simple base only is given. The feminine of the majority of adjectives in an ends in 3, and adjectives ending in $, have generally the same base for all genders. In all such cases the simple baso is given, the genders being formed regularly according to similar substantive bases. Irregular feminines are denoted in brackets, (f.). Bases ending in 1, 1, #, from their feminine regularly in aft, , ; this is given in the first three letters, but afterwards discontinued.
6. ( a ) In the case of verbs, the Arabic figure denotes the conjugation to which the root belongs ; P denoting Parasmaipada, A Atmanepada, and U Ubhayapada (P&A) Roots of the tenth conjugation belong to both Padas, theoretically at least; and hence 10 is used for all roots of this conjugation, though the Parasmaipada, unless where otherwise specified, should be generally preferred for use. (b) c. denotes causal, and is formed from roots by making the same changes as in the 10th conjugation. Wherever it cannot be formed by this general rule, it is shown in brackets. (e) D. means Denominatives; here the 3rd pers. singular Present tense is given throughout.
7. All the derivatives from a word are not always given when they may be easily supplied ; more especially, in the case of potential passive participles, formed by 757, 4, apoi, past participles, present participles, verbal nouns, abstract nouns from adjectives, and adverbs from adjectives. Where there was any peculiarity in the formation of these derivatives, they are given; but in many cases the student will have to supply the forms, acoorde ing to rules rivon in grammar.
aking the enerally preferred, though the Parasporetically at lea: