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Concept of Matter in Jaina Philosophy
The second kind of contact (that between unlike atoms of heterogeneous Bhutas) begins with a liberation of Energy (upastambha), which breaks up each of the Bhūtas; and taking particles (or atoms) of one as nuclei or radicles, groups particles of the rest round these radicles in a comparatively free or unattached conditions", 1
This Samkhya process of combination of atoms is comparable to the Jaina view that "there would be combination between atoms of the same kind and the opposite kinds, if there be difference in the degrees of greasiness and dryness."2
In the above process the one Bhūta performing the function of providing the radicles is called upādāna-kāraṇa (material cause), while the others bringing about the release of Energy by their collocation (upastambha, avastambha or vistambha) are known as nimittakaraṇa (efficient cause)3. It is demonstrated by the examples of the Rasas as modifications of Ap (water) with earth-accretions that this process applies to the attributes (gunas) and the Bhutas.*
1. P. S. A. H., p. 49.
2. Reality, p. 160, SS., (Comm), V. 35.
3. Evamekaikagunasambhavät pradhanagunaṁ aśritya apradhānaguṇāḥ pariņāmabhedan pravarttayanti, Vacaspati, Samkhyatattvakaumudi on kārikā, 15, Vide
P. S. A. H., p. 50.
4. Yathā ākāśādekarasam salilam patitam nānā rūpāt samślesat bhidyate, Gauḍapada on kārikā, 17, Vide P. S. A. H. p. 50.
Tatra'api (taijase śartre api) bahutaraparthivāvayavāvastambhat, alpatve ca anupabhogat; Aniruddha on Sūtra 112, Chap. V.
Jātiśāmkaryasya asmākamadoṣatvāt samagrisamavadhāne anekairapi indriyaiḥ ekadā ekavṛttyutpadane badhakam nāsti; Sāṁkhya Pravacanabhāṣya, Vide P. S. A. H., p. 50%.
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