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When even the subtle bodily activities like inhalation and exhalation cease altogether and the constituent units of the soul become free from all wavering, then the state is called Samuchchhinna-kriyä-nivrtti Dhyäna. In this state, no activity takes place. In the fourth subtype of Dhyäna, all Äsrava and all Bandha cease altogether, all Karma come to the end, and liberation (Moksha) is attained. The last two are also called Anälambana or devoid of any dependence.
Vyutsarga (Abandonment of External & Internal aspects):
There are two major types:
Abandonment of external aspects is called Dravya Vyutsarga. • Abandonment of internal aspects is called Bhäva Vyutsarga.
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There are four types of Dravya Vyutsarga:
Abandonment of body (Käyotsarga)
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Gana Vyutsarga (abandoning the company of other mendicants)
Upadhi Vyutsarga (abandoning material objects such as clothes, pots, blanket, bench, medicine
etc.
Bhakta Vyutsarga (abandoning food and drink)
There are three types of Bhäva Vyutsarga:
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• Kashaya Vyutsarga (overcoming the passions)
Samsär Vyutsarga (abandoning worldly life)
Karma Vyutsarga (eradicating Karma)
One has to have Bhed Jnän (Vivek Jnän; discriminatory knowledge that the soul and the body are separate) to be able to exercise Vyutsarga.
The more one practices these twelve austerities, the lighter he becomes with his Karma. Thus, Samvar is the process of stopping the influx of Karma and Nirjarä is the process of purifying the soul by eradicating the Karma. These two processes liberate the soul from the cycle of birth and death and thus Moksha is achieved. Therefore, Samvar and Nirjarä constitute the pillars of religion.
Please refer to the austerity chart at the end of the chapter.
Souls - Bahirätmä, Antarätmä & Paramätmä (Extrovert, Introvert & Supreme)
In order to understand the karmic bondage and Moksha (liberation), we need to understand the three stages of the soul.
The first stage is the extrovert soul (Bahirätmä). The second stage is the introvert soul (Antarätmä), and the final stage is the supreme soul (Paramätmä). Karmic bondage is the cause of extrovert and introvert souls. One has to progress beyond these two stages of the soul to attain the third stage of the soul. When one attains the third stage (Paramätman state), he is liberated and is freed of any karmic bondage.
The state in which the concentration of the activities is outward is called extrovert. When Jiva acts inconsistent to the true nature of the soul, then it is Bahirätmä. When the concentration of its activities is shifted from outward to inward towards the qualities of the soul, it is called Antarätmä. When it stabilizes in its true nature, it is called Paramätmä. One soul but three different levels define its three stages. Bahirätmä - Extrovert:
The state, in which the concentration of the activities is outward, is called extrovert. In this state, the soul has non-virtuous inner aspects (Bhäva, mental reflections). Bahirätmä has significant attachment to his possessions (wealth, etc.) and his family. He believes that his body is himself. He is in first
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