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The characteristics of a substance are: (1) **Sat** (existence), (2) **Utpada-Vyaya-Dhrauvyam** (production, destruction, and permanence), and (3) **Guna-Paryaya** (qualities and synonyms).
**Sat** is the characteristic of a substance that is characterized by existence. It is the essence of a substance, which is inseparable from its existence.
**Utpada-Vyaya-Dhrauvyam** is the characteristic of a substance that is characterized by production, destruction, and permanence. It is the process of change that a substance undergoes, where the previous state is destroyed and a new state is produced. This process is continuous and inherent to the substance.
**Guna-Paryaya** is the characteristic of a substance that is characterized by qualities and synonyms. These qualities and synonyms are inherent to the substance and are manifested in different ways. They are both similar and different from the substance, and they are constantly changing.
These three characteristics are interconnected and inseparable. If one is present, the other two are also present. They all describe the essence of a substance and its inherent nature.