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## The Fifth Karma Granth
#### 441
The time taken for a *palya* to become empty while removing its parts is called *addha-palyopama*. Ten *koṭakoṭi* *addha-palya* make one *addha-sagar*.
One *utsarpini* and one *avsarpiṇī* exist for each *addha-sagar*. The *addha-palyopama* helps understand the *karma-sthiti*, *bhavaspiti*, and *kaya-sthiti* of *naraka*, *tiyanch*, *manushya*, and *deva*.
## Description of *Pudgal* *Paravati* in Digambar Granths
Digambar literature describes five types of *pudgal* *paravarta*, known as *panch* *parivartan*. These are: *dravya-parivartan*, *kshetra-parivartan*, *kal-parivartan*, *man-parivartan*, and *bhad-parivartan*.
* **Dravya-parivartan** has two types: *nokarma-dravya-parivartan* and *karma-dravya-parivartan*. Their nature is as follows:
* **Nokarma-dravya-parivartan**: A being takes in *pudgal* suitable for three bodies and six *paryapti* at one time and discards them at another time. After that, it takes in *pudgal* that were not previously taken, then takes in mixed *pudgal*, and finally takes in *pudgal* that were previously taken. When the same *pudgal* that were taken in at one time are taken in again by the same being in the form of *nokarma*, with the same qualities, shape, taste, smell, and touch, the duration of that time is called *nokarma-dravya-parivartan*.
* **Karma-dravya-parivartan**: Similarly, a being takes in some *pudgal* suitable for eight types of *karma* at one time and discards them after a certain time. When the same *pudgal* are taken in again by the same being in the same way, the duration of that time is called *karma-dravya-parivartan*.
* **Dravya-parivartan** or *pudgal-parivartan* is the combination of *nokarma-dravya-parivartan* and *karma-dravya-parivartan*. Either one of them is called *ardha-pudgal-parivartan*.
* **Parivartan** is the holder of the most subtle *avagahana*, the *nigodīya* *piya*.