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## The Fifth Karma Granth
### 325
The **pudgala** substance has been taken. Because, firstly, the word **pudgala** is attached to every change, and its four divisions, **dravya-pudgala**, **paravarta**, etc., have been explained. Secondly, the **pudgala** substance is the cause of the soul's wandering in the world. The soul cannot exist without it in the worldly state. Therefore, the smallest atom-particle of **pudgala** is considered here as the **dravya** element. The space in which that atom fits is called **kṣetra**, and that **kṣetra** is a part of the **loka-ākāśa**, because the soul resides in the **loka-ākāśa**. The time it takes for one atom of **pudgala** to travel from one **kṣetra** to another adjacent **kṣetra** is called **kāla**. This is the smallest part of time. Here, **bhāva** refers to the **kṣaya**-shaped **bhāva** that is the cause of **anubhāga-bandha**. These changes in **dravya**, **kṣetra**, **kāla**, and **bhāva** are considered as four changes.
Although, except for **dravya-pudgala-paravarta**, there is no change in **pudgala** in any other **paravarta**, because in **kṣetra-pudgala-paravarta** there is a change in **kṣetra**, in **kāla-pudgala-paravarta** there is a change in **kāla**, and in **bhāva-pudgala-paravarta** there is a change in **bhāva**, but the time of **pudgala-paravarta** is said to be equal to the infinite **utsarpini** and **avsarpiṇī** time, and the time of **kṣetra**, **kāla**, and **bhāva-paravarta** is also infinite **utsarpini** and infinite **avsarpiṇī**, therefore, these **paravartas** are named **pudgala-paravarta**.
The time taken for the **pudgalas** (atoms) to change by way of **osarika** transformation, or by way of the desired body form, or by way of their collective transformation, is called **pudgala-paravarta**. This is the cause of the **śambha**'s origin, and by this cause of origin,
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