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## Karmagramya Part Four
They say, countless **Paryaya** bundles are called **Bhavalika**. Many **Balika** are called **Murhut** and thirty **Murhut** are called a day and night. Of the two **Paryayas**, the one that happened earlier is called **Puran** and the one that happened later is called **Navin**. Of the two living beings, the one born later is called **Kanishth** and the one born earlier is called **Jyeshth**. Considering this, it becomes clear that time, **Avalika**, etc., all are **Vyavahar** and **Navinata**, etc., all are **Mantravashta** states, which are merely indications of specific types of **Prayayas**, i.e., **Nivigha** **Paryaya** and their small and large groups conceived by the mind. **Paryaya** is what the living and non-living beings do, which happens without the influence of any other element. That is, both living and non-living beings, in their own **Garbhavarup**, are **A.P** themselves. In reality, one should call the **Paryaya** bundle of living and non-living beings as **Kal**. **Kal** is not an independent substance.
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**The other side's argument:** Just as **Dharma-Astikaya** elements are considered as **Vibhinna-Karan** for the movement and stillness of living beings and **Pudgala**, even though they have the nature to move and be still, similarly, **Kal-Dravya** should be considered as **Nimitta-Karan** for the **Paryaya** transformation of living and non-living beings, even though they have the nature to transform. If **Kal** is not considered as **Nimitta-Karan**, then there is no logic in considering **Dharma-Astikaya** and **Adharma-Astikaya**.
**Difference of opinion on the other side:** There are two opinions among those who consider **Kal** as an independent substance regarding its nature.
**(1)** **Kal-Dravya** exists in the **Manushya-Kshetra** only, in the field of motion of the astrological cycle. It becomes the cause of changes in the entire universe, even though it is a part of the **Manushya-Kshetra**. **Kal** helps the astrological cycle in its motion. Therefore, it is appropriate to consider **Kal-Dravya** as limited to the **Manushya-Kshetra** only, as it does not exist outside of it. This opinion is found in the **Dharmagrahani**, etc., **Shwetamber** sects.