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________________ tiruvalluvara tathA unakA amara graMtha tirukkurala paM. mahendrakumAra jaina, nyAyazAstrI vartamAna kAla meM jisa prAMta ko hama tamilanADu ke nAma se pukArate haiM usameM mukhyataH kAverI nadI ke aAsapAsa kA pradeza sammilita hai| usake eka ora zrAndhra, eka ora karnATaka aura usase saTA huzrA malAgAra yA kerala prAMta hai| isa pradeza kI mUla saMskRti dravir3a hai| isakI purAtanatA ke saMbaMdha meM anumAna lagAnA kaThina hai| yaha Arya logoM ke hiMdustAna meM Ane ke bahuta pahale se pracalita thii| dravir3a saMskRti kI taraha isa pradeza kI mukhya bhASA tamila bhI saMskRta kI taraha bahuta purAnI hai| san IsvI se bahuta pahale tamila bhASA meM aneka graMthoM kI racanA ho cukI thii| phira bhI daNDakAraNya ke usa pAra kI marAThI, gujarAtI, baMgAlI aura hiMdI Adi bhASAoM kI taraha tamila bhASA kA saMskRta ke sAtha koI saMbaMdha nahIM hai| bhAratavarSa meM saMskRta se sarvathA alipta rahakara apanA svataMtra rUpa se vikAsa karanevAlI yadi koI bhASA hai to vaha hai tmil| tamila ke atirikta telugu, kannar3a, malayAlama Adi bhASAoM meM saMskRta ke 50 pratizata zabda haiM, paraMtu tamila bhASA meM yaha khicar3I nahIM hone paaii| Andhra loga apane deza ko Andhra deza yA aAndhra sImA kahate haiN| 'sImA,' 'deza' Adi zabda saMskRta ke haiM, paraMtu tamilanADu meM prayukta 'nADu' zabda deza ke artha meM prayukta hai, jo ki Aryetara bhASA kA sUcaka hai| tamila meM saMskRta ke zabda bahuta kama haiN| usameM vividha arthoM ko prakaTa karanevAle apane svataMtra zabda haiN| duSTa rAjA aura acchA rAjA zrAdi ke lie koDaMgola mannana alaga zeMgola mannana jaise alaga svataMtra zabda-koza aura svataMtra vAkyavinyAsa hai| usakI racanA tathA sAja-sajjA svAvalaMbana ke AdhAra para sthita hai jo saMskRta jitanI hI purAnI hai| prAcIna tamila vAGmaya tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai| saMgIta, nATya aura saahity| sAhitya kI taraha saMgIta aura nATyakalA para bhI isa prAMta meM aneka graMthoM kI racanA huI hai| cidaMbaram ke naTarAja ke bhavya maMdiravAle prAMta meM aise graMthoM kI racanA honA sahaja thaa| nRtyakalA bhI apanI carama sImA para pahu~cI huI thii| dUsare prAMtoM meM aprApya yahA~ hajAra hajAra tAroMvAle taMtuvAdya the aura unase sumadhura saMgIta kI taraMgeM taraMgita hotI rahatI thiiN| ina tIna prakAra ke vibhAjana ke atirikta sAhitya meM eka anya prakAra kA vibhAga hotA thA--prema vAkAya aura premavihIna vaangmy| sAhitya ke ina tInoM vibhAgoM ke unake anukUla bhinna bhinna byAkaraNa bhI hote the| tamila kA yaha purAtana vAGmaya TIkA yA bhASya ke binA samajha meM nahIM aataa| jisa prakAra prAcIna saMskRta aura prAkRta ke graMthoM para TIkA, bhASya, cUrNi, vivaraNa, TippaNI aura samAlocanA Adi haiM usI prakAra tAmila ke graMthoM para bhI haiN| prAcIna tamila vAGmaya ko samRddha karane meM jaina AcAryoM kA bahuta bar3A hAtha hai| unhoMne san IsvI se pahale hI yahA~ kI bhUmi ke sAtha zrAtmasAt hokara tamila sAhitya kI bhI zrIvRddhi karanA prAraMbha kara diyA thaa| unhoMne zramaNa saMskRti ke pracAra ke sAtha tamila sAhitya ko zreSTha mahAkAvya, koza aura vyAkaraNa aAdi graMtha diye| IsvI san ke pahale prathama saMgha kAla meM tamila sAhitya kI jo racanA huI vaha kAla kavalita ho gaI usake bAda jo sAhitya bacA hai usameM tamila ke zreSTha kavi, vaiyAkaraNakAra tathA koza-nirmAtA jaina zrAcArya hI haiN| jaina zrAcAryoM dvArA IsI kI sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI taka tamila sAhitya kI bahuta sevA kI gii| usake bAda tamilanADu meM niraMtara avirata yuddha calatA rhaa| usa yuddha kI jvAlA meM tamila sAhitya kA 82
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________________ 3 tirakanyubara samAjamA pramara preya simAkurala bahuta kucha bhAga maya ho gyaa| jaina sAhitya kI hI isase sarvAdhika hAni huii| usake bAda bauddha sAhitya kA maMdara mAtA hai| tamila sAhitya ke saMgama kAla kA kurala nAmaka eka utkRSTa kAvya hai jo dakSiNa bhArata meM tamila veda ke nAma se prasiddha hai| usake racayitA tiruvalluvara nAmaka eka saMta the| pahale pratyeka dharmavAle ise apanA dharmagrantha siddha karane meM gaurava mAnate the| paraMtu aba aneka sAhityika pramANa isa bAta ke mile haiM ki isa graMtha ke racayitA jaina setahI hai| nIlakezI kI aukA meM ise spaSTa rUpa se jaina zAstra kahA gayA hai| zilaNadhikAram aura masimekhale ina do graMthoM meM bhI jo dUsarI zatI meM likhe gaye the, isakA jaina graMtha rUpa se ullekha hai bavi ina tInoM graMthoM ke svAmilAyoM meM apanI pramANa ghudhi ke lie kurala ke yatra tatra sAla se adhika padya uddhRta kiye hai| zilappaSivAram aura maNimekhale meM kurata kI 55 kavitAe~ ujata kI gayI haiN| jIvaka ciMtAmaNi meM bhI kurala kA ullekha hai| isake atirikta kaI jaina prAcAryoM ne isa para apanI TIkAe~ likhI haiN| kurala nAmaka isa alaukika metha kA svapitA tivApara madrAsa ke samIpa mailApUra kA nivAsI thaa| vahA~ pahale bhagavAna meminAbha kA eka bahuta bar3A maMdira thaa| use girAkara pahata-sI zatAbdiyoM pahale kapAlezvara kA maMdira banA diyA gayA hai| tiruvalluvara kA mAlya-mAla kaise bItA isa saMbaMdha meM koI pramANa nahIM miltaa| para usane zAdI avazya kI thii| usakI strI sAdhvI tathA patiparAyaNA thii| isalie usakA vaivAhika jIvana atyaMta sukhamaya thaa| pati kA zabda usake lie Izvara kI zAjJA ke samAna thaa| eka bAra jaba kisI sAdhu me tiruvalluvara ke isa sukhI gRhastha jIvana ke bAre meM sunA tara yaha usake pAsa Akara pUchane lagA-'yadi Apa grahasthAzrama ko acchA kara deM to maiM vaivAhika baMdhana meM baMdhane ke lie taiyAra huuN|' bhalA tiruvalluvara isakA hA yA nA meM kaise uttara detA? yaha to use apane jIvana kI anubhUtiyA~ hI batA sakatA thaa| isalie usane usa sAdhu ko apane jIvana ke anubhava batAne ke lie kucha dinoM taka apane yahA~ roka liyaa| vaha vairAgI bhI vahA~ raha gyaa| eka dina tiruvalluvara ne apanI patnI ko muTThIbhara nAkhUna aura lohe ke Tukar3oM kA bhAta pakAne ke lie khaa| unakI patnI vAsukI ne kisI prakAra kI zaMkA-kuzaMkA ke binA una cIjoM ko cUlhe para car3hA diyA aura usane unheM pakAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| kisI anya dina vaha sAdhu aura tiruvalluvara sAtha-sAtha khAne baiThe the| vAsukI pAsa hI kue~ se pAnI khIMca rahI thii| parasA huaA bhAta ThaMDA thA, phira bhI 'arI zro! dekho to, bhAta kitanA garma hai| chUte hI merA hAtha jala gyaa|' isa prakAra tiruvalluvara cillaayaa| becArI sAdhvI patnI tiruvalluvara kI isa cillAhaTa ko suna zrAdhe meM laTakatI huI gAgara vaisI hI chor3a daur3atI huI khAkara thAlI para paMkhA jhalane lgii| eka dina madhyAhnakAla meM tiruvalluvara apane kara ve para kapar3A buna rahA thaa| ekAeka usane apanI patnI se kahA---'dekho to bahuta aMdherA ho gayA hai, abhI jaldI dIyA jalAkara lA, mujhe ina dhAgoM ko jor3anA hai|' koI dUsarI hotI to bhara dupaharI meM pati kI isa aAjJA ko suna usakI buddhi ke saMbaMdha meM kucha vicAra krtii| saMbhavataH use pAgala mAna baitthtii| paraMtu vAsukI ke mana meM isa prakAra kI dhuMdhalI kalpanA taka nahIM paaii| vaha jaldI hI dIpaka jalAkara laaii| ina saba bAtoM ko dekha sAdhu samajha gayA ki jaba taka pati-patnI meM pUrNa ekatA rahatI hai, leza mAtra bhI saMdeha nahIM rahatA tabhI taka vivAhita jIvana sukha kA sAgara hai| ina saba ghaTanAoM ko dekha vaha sAdhu bolA--"maiM Apake sukhI vivAhita jIvana kA marma samajha gayA huuN|' isanA kaha vaha vahA~ se calA gyaa| paraMtu gArhasthya-jIvana ke isa sukha kA anubhava vaha apane jIvana ke aMtima kAla taka nahIM kara skaa| bIca hI meM usakI patnI kA dehAMta ho gyaa| usakI mRtyu se use atyaMta duHkha huaaa| vaha apanI patnI ke
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________________ AcArya vijayavallabhasUri smAraka graMtha saMbaMdha meM kahatA hai : 'zro snehamayI, tuma mere lie susvAdu bhojana banAtI thii| merI zrAjJA kA tumane sada pAlana kiyaa| tuma mere pA~voM ko roja dabAtI aura mere sone ke bAda sotI thI, mere uThane ke bAda uThatI thii| tumhAre pAsa kapaTa nahIM thaa| tumhArA svabhAva suMdara aura sarala thaa| paraMtu aAja tuma mujhe chor3akara jA rahI ho| aba kyA kabhI merI ina A~khoM ko ArAma se nIMda AyegI?' patnI ke dehAMta ke bAda tiruvalluvara ne vairAgya dhAraNakara dIkSA le lI aura aMta samaya taka saMsAra ko upadeza dete hue svargavAsI hue| kurala kI racanA kara tiruvalluvara ne saMsAra ko apanI ora se eka amUlya bheMTa dii| isakA anuvAda saMsAra kI prAyaH saba bhASAoM meM ho cukA hai| isa bAta kA maiM pahale hI ullekha kara cukA hU~ ki jaina saMta kI isa racanA ko tamilabhASAbhASI tamila veda kahate haiN| kurala ke kula tIna bhAga haiN| pahale meM dharma, dUsare meM artha aura tIsare meM kaam| isa prakAra caturvidha puruSArthoM meM se prathama tIna kA hI isa graMtha meM kAvyapUrNa varNana kiyA gayA hai| kurala ke ina tIna bhAgoM meM kula 133 adhyAya haiN| pratyeka adhyAya meM 10 padya haiN| kula 1330 padya haiN| pratyeka kavitA meM do caraNa haiN| ye choTe choTe padya gaMbhIra tathA vizAla arthoM se paripUrNa haiN| isa kAvya meM eka prakAra kI asImatA, udAratA aura sahRdayatA hai| aMtima ke prema saMbaMdhI prakaraNoM meM azlIlatA kA nAmonizAna nhiiN| saMsAra ke zreSTha graMthoM meM azlIlatA kI chAyA se rahita zuddha prema-tattva kA varNana karanevAlA kevala akelA yahI graMtha hai| isa graMtha meM prathama bhAga ko prAraMbha karane ke pUrva maMgalAcaraNa ke rUpa meM cAra paricchedoM meM Izvara kI stuti kI gayI hai| stuti karate samaya graMthakAra ne jaina paraMparA meM anekAMta dRSTi kA avalaMbana lekara saba dharmoM kA samanvaya karanevAle siddhasena divAkara, haribhadrasUri, hemacaMdrAcArya aura zrAnaMdadhana kI paripATI apanAI hai| use par3hane para vaha kucha sthaloM para paramAtmA ko lAgU hotA hai aura kucha sthaloM para RSabhadeva, siddha. mahAvIra zrAdi tIrthakara aura vizva ke anya patha-pradarzakoM ko lAgU hotA hai| isalie bauddha, jaina, zaiva, vaiSNava Adi saba tiruvalluvara ko apane apane saMpradAya kA mAnate haiN| IsAI loga bhI kahate haiM ki kurala para bAIbala ke vicAroM kI chAyA hai / lekina maMgalAcaraNa ko par3hane se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki tiruvalluvara jaina hI the / udAharaNa ke lie maiM yahA~ maMgalAcaraNa ke prathama adhyAya ko avikala uddhata akara mudala eSuttallAm zrAdi bhagavan mudaTre ulaku akAra sabhI akSaroM kA mUla hai| isI taraha jagata kA mUla vahI zrAdi bhagavAn hai| kadanAlAya payanaeNnkoLa vAlakhin naTAL taoNLA ara eNnin / zAstrajJa athavA bahuzruta hone se kyA (phala) huaA, (agara) cinmaya yA kevalajJAnasaMpanna (bhagavAna) kI pada-vaMdanA na kii| malarmiza ehinAn mANaDi zendAra nilamiza nIDuvAL vAr // jo bhaktoM ke hRdayakamala meM nivAsa karanevAle ke mahanIya caraNoM ke pUjaka haiN| ve paramadhAma meM amara rheNge|
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________________ tiruvalluvara tathA unakA amara graMtha tirukkurala veNDudal veNDAmai ilAn aDi zerndAkrku yANDum iDumbai ila // rAgadveSarahita (Izvara) ke caraNoM meM zaraNa pAnevAle bhaktoM ko tridoSa (mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika) nahIM lgte| iruL zeriruvinaiyum zerA iraivan paoNruLa zer pukaL purindAr mATu // zubha phala aura azubha phala donoM mithyAtva aura ajJAnarUpI aMdhakAra ke mUla haiN| jo sarvarakSaka ke satya prakAza yA satyakIrti ke abhilASI haiM unake pAsa donoM karmaphala nahIM phttkte| paoNri vAyiL aindavittAn paoNy tIraoNLukka naeNri nirAra nIDu vALavAra / / paMcendriyanigrahI tathA asatyarahita ke niyamoM para calanevAle amara banate haiN| tanakuvamai illAdAn tAL zendArakallAla manakavallai maattrlridu|| nirupama (Izvara) ke caraNa sevakoM ko chor3a itara janoM dvArA mAnasika ciMtA dUra honA kaThina hai| aravALi andaNan tAL zerandAkallAl piravALi niindlridu|| dharmasamudra athavA dharmasvarUpa aura dayAnidhi ke caraNasevakoM ko chor3a anya loga itara (arthakAmarUpI) samudroM ko tairakara pAra na pahu~ca sakate haiN| koLil poriyira guNamilave ee guNattAn tALa vaNaGgAttale // jisa taraha guNarahita indriya niSphala hai, usI taraha aSTaguNavAle (anaMtajJAna anaMtadarzana zrAdi aSTaguNayukta siddha bhagavAna) kI vaMdanA na karanevAlA sira bhI niSphala hai| pip iperuGgADal nonduvar nIndAra iraivanaDi zerAdAra // sarvarakSaka (Izvara) ke caraNasevI yaha bhavamahAsAgara tira jAte haiM; dusare nhiiN| pAThaka dekheMge ki Upara ke maMgalAcaraNa meM Adi bhagavAn , kevalajJAnasaMpanna, mithyAtva, paMcendriyanigrahI, rAgadveSarahita aura aSTaguNayukta Adi zabda jaina paraMparA se hI saMbaMdha rakhate haiN| nirgrantha saMpradAya meM RSabhadeva zrAdideva yA zrAdi bhagavAn ke nAma se prasiddha haiM / prAyaH saba jainAcAryoM ne RSabhadeva kI Adi bhagavAna ke rUpa se hI stuti kI hai| jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke vilaya hone para jo saMpUrNa jJAna hotA hai use kevalajJAna kahate haiM Izvara ke lie isa zabda kA prayoga kevala jaina paraMparA meM hI hai| karma ke kAraNoM meM mithyAtva kA sabase pramukha sthAna hai / mithyAtva kA nAza hone para hI prANI guNavikAsa dvArA guNasthAna ke sopAnoM para ArohaNa : karatA hai / mumukSu ke lie jainaparaMparA meM paMcendriyoM para damana karane ke lie jagaha-jagaha bhArapUrvaka kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra Izvara ke lie jaina paraMparA meM vItarAga yA rAgadveSarahita ina donoM vizeSaNoM kA prayoga hotA
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________________ hai / siddhoM ke ATha guNa prasiddha haiN| jaina parapasa meM bATha karma mAne gApAra ghAtI aura cAra aghaatii| unameM cAra ghAtI karma hI vizeSa haiN| unake vilaya se aSTa ho kI prAti sevA hai| ve haiM-jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura aNtraay| inameM kevala samAvaraNa ke kSaba se kevala khanA, kevala rasanmAvaraNa ke kSaya se kevaladarzana, paMcavidha aMtarAya ke kSaya se dAna, lAbha bhoga, upabhoga, vIrya Adi oNca labdhiyA~ aura mohanIya karma ke kSaya se samyaktva tathA cAritra kA AvirbhAva hotA hai| prati dina paMca namaskAra ke samaya siddhoM kI stuti karate hue ina ATha guNoM kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai-anaMta jJAna, anaMtadarzana, kSAyika samyaktva, nirAbAdha, aTala, avagAhana, amUrta aura aguruldhu| kucha loga ATha guNoM kA artha yogiyoM kI aNimA, mahimA, laghimA, garimA zrAdi siddhiyoM karate haiN| para alimA zrAdi puraNa nahIM, ve yoga se prApta siddhiyA~ haiM / yogabhraSTa hone para the siddhiyA~ lupta ho sakatI hai| aisI paristhiti meM Izvara ko bhI vinazvara mAnanA pdd'egaa| isalie Izvara ke ATha gulsa cainaparaMparA meM sikhoM ke batAye huI ATha guNoM se atirikta nahIM ho sakate / tiruvalluvara ke bAda prAyaH saba jaina saMtoM ke isI prakAra kI vyApaka bhAvanA apanAkara stuti kI hai| jaina paraMparA meM cAra AzramoM meM se jisa prakAra sirpha sammAra aura acamAra dharma kI hI carcA hai, usI prakAra tiruvalluvara ne dharma prakaraNa meM gRhastha dharma aura yati dharma kA hI varNana kiyA hai| dharma zIrSaka prathama khaMDa meM sAgAra dharma arthAt gRhastha jIvanAtmaka uttama patnI, uttama pitA, uttama prativAsI tathA uttama manuSya banane ke lie jitane guNa Avazyaka haiM unakI zikSA 16 adhyAyoM meM dI gayI hai aura aMta ke 24 veM pariccheda meM batAyA gayA hai ki yaza kI AkAMkSA se manuSya kaise acche kAma meM pravRtta ho sakate haiN| sAgAra dharma ke bAda anagAra dharma arthAt tapasviyoM ke guNoM kA vivecana 13 adhyAyoM meM kiyA gayA hai| isa khaMDa ke aMtima aMDatIsaveM pariccheda meM bhAgya kA vivecana hai| 'kurala' ke pahale aMza dharma kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM manuSya jIvana ke saMbaMdha meM AzApUrNa bhASa vyakta kiyA gayA hai| manuSya jIvana kI sehatA batalAte hue kavi likhA hai--'manuSya jIvana kA sarvazreSTha vara hai susammAnita pavitra gRha aura usake mahattva kI parAkASThA hai sukhazAlI sNtti|' kavi kA vAtsalya bhAva kaisA madhura hai ! vaha kahatA hai-'manuSya kI saccI saMpaci usakI saMtAdha hai| pitA kA putra ke prati saccA katevya yahI hai ki vaha use vidvAnoM kI pariSad meM sarva prathama sammAna ke yogya bjaave| putra kI rahana-sahana kaisI honI cAhie isake lie saba usake pitA se prazna kareM ki kisa puNya se Apako aisA putra prApta hunA hai| bAlakoM ke sparza se paramAnaMda ke sukha kI prApti hote hai aura unakI bolI se kAnoM kI tRpti| jisane bAlaka kI tutalAtI bolI nahIM sunI, kyA vaha kaha sakatA hai ki bAMsurI madhura tathA sitAra surIlI hai|' isake Age vaha likhatA hai-'sarva bhUtoM ke prati dagA aura atithi satkAra ye donoM manuSya ke pradhAna kartavya haiM aura madhura saMbhASaNa hai usakA zrAbhUSaNa kRtakSanA, nyAya-vidhatA Atma-saMyaka, khamA, dAna tathA paropakAra usake amUlya guNa haiN| kiMtu paradArarati, IrSyA lojha vRthA bhASaNa, aniSTa ciMtA ityAdi usake ati bhayAnaka dUSaNa haiN|' ___ prANI mAtra jise mRtyu kahate haiM yaha vo kevala bIca ke zarIra kA vidhAna hai| zarIra ke mAsa se mImAtmA kA abasAna nahIM hotaa| pArtamAnika jIvana ke bAda usakA bhaviSyat jIpama bhI anulAta rahatA hai| apanI saMtati ko yogya banAne taka rahasya apane sAdhu zrIcaraNa ke phalasvarUpa guNasthAna ke aneka sopAna atikramaNa kara DAlatA hai| kucha U~ce sthAna para pahu~cane ke kAraNa vaha aba apane sAmane sAdhu jIvana ke uccatara kSetra ko phailA huzrI dekhatA hai aura usa kSetra ke upayukta banane ke lie vaha svayaM apane
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________________ tiruvalluvara tathA unakA amara graMtha vikkkurala zrApa para kaThora niyaMtraNa rakhatA hai| usake lie vaha aba sarva prAziyoM ke prati dayA, nirAmiSa bhojana, grAmanigraha, dhyAna tathA yoga kA abhyAsa aura isa praNAlI dvArA zrAdhyAtmika bala tathA dRSTi zakti prApta kara daMbha, asatya, krodha, hiMsA, parapIr3ana ityAdi se parAGmukha hokara apane mana ko vizuddha banAtA hai| isa prakAra ke niyaMtraNa se mithyAtva ke aneka stara apane zrApa naSTa ho jAte haiM aura sAdhu kI antayati vikasita ho jAtI hai| vaha apane aMtara meM anubhava karatA hai ki yaha paridRzyamAna jagata svapnavat hai - zrAja hai, kala antarhita ho jAyagA / isa kAraNa se sAMsArika vastuoM ke prati usakI jo Asakti hotI hai vaha dUra ho jAtI hai aura usake manazcakSu ke sAmane satya kI yathArtha mUrti prakAzita hotI hai| kiMtu phira bhI sUkSma vAsanA (lobha) usakA piMDa nahIM chodd'tii| vaha nAnA raMgoM meM, nAnA zrAkRtiyoM meM prANiyoM ko dhokhA detI rahatI hai| bar3e bar3e dhArmika bhI usake paMje se chuTakAra nahIM paate| aura jaba taka usakA saMpUrNa vilaya nahIM hotA taba taka AtmA pUrNa AnaMda kI adhikAriNI nahIM ho sktii| isI lie isa aMka kA upasaMhAra karate kavi ne likhA hai- 'vAsanA kabhI tRpta nahIM hotI, kiMtu yadi koI vyakti vAsanA kA tyAga karane ke lie samartha ho jAya to vaha tatkAla hI saMpUrNatA prApta kara letA hai / ' isa prakaraNa ke aMta meM kavi ne karma kA jo varNana kiyA hai vaha jaina paraMparA kA khAsa vicAra hai-pI meM dharma ke kAraNa kucha saMcita yA vyakta zaktiyA~ rahatI haiM, jo upayukta uttejana prApta kara vyakta ho jAtI haiN| ye saMcita pravRttiyA~ jIva ko bhale bure kAma karane kI ora pravRtta karatI haiN| janma-janmAntaroM meM jitane bhale bure kAma kiye, bhalI-burI ciMtAoM ko mana meM sthAna diyA, aura isa janma meM vaha jitane kAmoM tathA jitanI ciMtAoM se yukta hotA hai, unakI eka sammaSTi banAkara kucha avyakta rUpa meM rahatI hai, aura kucha vyakta rUpa meM pariNata hotI huI udIyamAna hotI rahatI hai| isa jIvana ke aMta meM jitanA karmaphala avyakta rahatA hai, usI ko vaha bhaviSyat jIvana meM apane sAtha le jAtA hai, aura yahI usake usa jIvana kA prAdha yA prAktana karmaphala athavA bhAgya kahalAtA hai| isa pariccheda kA sAra yahI hai ki karma hI pradhAna hai aura karma ke hAtha se bacanA asaMbhava hai / batAIsaveM adhyAya meM karma kA vilaya karane ke lie tapa ke prabhAva kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / kRcchrasAdhana arthAt brAhma aura Antarika rUpa se karmabaMdhana zithila ho jAte haiM aura manuSya apane Apako mukta kara sakatA hai| aMta ke tirakhaThaveM pariccheda meM kahA gayA hai ki manuSya dRr3ha saMkalpa ke dvArA maMda bhAgya para vijaya prApta kara sakatA hai| 5) prathama adhyAya ke bAda dvitIya adhyAya meM dUsare puruSArtha artha kA varNana hai / isa khaMDa meM sajA aura usakI yogyatA, maMtrI kI niyukti, senA, jAsUsa, mitra kI pahacAna, mitra kA mahattva, atyAcAra kA pariNAma, zatru se sAvadhAna ina paricchedoM ke bAda kRSi, bhikhArI, dAna, yaza Adi viSayoM kA parsana choTe choTe prakaraNoM meM kiyA gayA hai| prajA kA raMjana karanevAlA, catura aura dayAvAn rAmrA, ukhamI aura khetI meM pravINa loga, dhIraja, vIratA, sAhaba Adi guNa isa satra kA varNana isa khaMDa meM hai / prathama kurala ' ke tRtIya kAma khaMDa meM kisI viziSTa praNayI yugala kI prema gAthA hai| isameM nAyaka-nAyikA ke kAra se lekara aMtima mikhana taka kA varNana bar3e nipukha DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai / isa khaMDa kA prAraMbha bar3e citra DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai / pahale eka ramya udyAna meM nAyaka ke sAmane nAyikA par3a jAtI hai| donoM kI cAra A~kheM hote hI paraspara eka dUsare ke prati prema kA saMcAra hotA hai / muktI kA khAvastha, yukta vizAla betha, A~khoM kI citavana, unnata urusthala, khubaka ko pAgala banA dete haiN| isake bAda eka dI dhAra yuvatI usa yuvaka ke sAmane zrAI, para pratyeka bAra usane apane bhAvoM ko chipAkara usake prati apanI rUci bAI, isa para nAyaka kahatA hai-'vaha mujhe jAnane nahIM detI ki usane mujhe dekhA hai kiMtu aba se
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________________ prAcArya vijayavallabhasUri smAraka graMtha dekhakara na dekhane kA bahAnA karatI hai taba mujhe aisA jAna par3atA hai ki vastutaH usake hRdaya meM mujhe dekhakara AnaMda lahare mAratA hai| vaha Upara Upara se virakti kA pradarzana karatI hai, kiMtu hRdaya meM gahana prema kA poSaNa karatI hai|' bAda meM apane premI ke anunayapUrNa mu~ha ko dekhakara vaha bhI dravIbhUta ho uThatI hai aura aMta meM vaha apanI A~khoM dvArA vivAha kI sammati bhI de detI hai| phira una donoM kA gopanIya vivAha ho jAtA hai| gopanIya vivAha ho jAne para bhI yaha ghaTanA donoM ke mAtA-pitA se gusa rAkhI gyii| donoM kisI aise prasaMga kI pratIkSA meM rahe jisase ki binA kisI kaThinAI ke donoM ke mAtA-pitA paraspara milane kI anumatI de deM, paraMtu bahuta samaya taka vaha zubha prasaMga nahIM aayaa| aMta meM yaha premI usa samaya tamila deza meM pracalita eka barbara upAya kI zaraNa letA hai| vaha DaMbala sahita kucha tAla ke patte kATakara eka gahara banAtA aura usa para ghor3e para savAra hone kI taraha baiThatA hai| usI avasthA meM usake kucha mitra prema-saMgIta gAte hue use gA~va ke bhItara Dhokara le jAte haiN| eka ora becArA yuvaka nukIle tAr3apatroM para chaTapaTAtA rahatA hai, dUsarI aora gA~va ke aneka bAlaka aura yuvaka usa premI yuvaka ko cAroM ora se gherakara aneka prakAra ke vAkbANoM se usake hRdaya ko chidate rahate haiN| bIca bIca meM usakI praNayinI kA bhI nAma liyA jAtA hai| aMta meM apakIrti ke Dara se premikA ke mAtA-pitA usa premI ke sAtha apanI lar3akI kA vivAha kara dete haiN| __kucha samaya taka navIna daMpati ko paraspara ke madhumaya sAhacarya meM rahane kA saubhAgya prApta hotA hai| thor3e hI samaya taka ve aAnaMdopabhoga karate haiM ki itane hI meM nirAnaMda kI kAlI ghaTA unake prema ke nabhomaMDala ko ghera letI hai| rAjA kI ora se yuvaka ke pAsa zIghra hI yuddha meM sammilita hone ke lie bulAhaTa aAtI hai| isa arucikara ghaTanA se thor3I dera ke lie donoM vicalita ho uThate haiN| yuddha meM jAne kI AjJA mAMgane para yuvatI kahatI hai--mujhe chor3a kara jAne para merI mRtyu nizcita hai, yadi alaga hone kI bAta ke atirikta kucha kahanA ho to kho| isake sivAya yadi jaldI lauTane kI bAta kahanA cAhate ho to vaha bhI use hI kaho jo taba taka jIvita rahane kI aAzA rakhatI ho|' yuvatI dvArA itanA anunaya-vinaya kiyA jAne para bhI yuvaka vidAI kI prArthanA karake cala detA hai| isake bAda taruNI kI dAruNa viraha-yAtanA kA varNana gyAraha paricchedoM meM kiyA gayA hai| viyogAvasthA meM vaha apane udgAra isa prakAra prakaTa karatI hai-'maiM zrAja taka jItI hU~, kevala unake pratyAgamana kI AzA se| zIghra unake Ane kI ciMtA se merA hRdaya adhIra ho uThatA hai| maiM aharniza yahI kAmanA karatI hU~ unakI rUpa-sudhA-pAna kara mere upoSita netra tRpta ho jaayN| mere zIrNa bAhu kI vivarNatA dUra ho jaay| agni meM ghRta ke samAna jisakA citta prema ke uttApa se pighala gayA hai, kyA vaha priyatama ke sAtha vivAda kara sakatI hai?' udhara yuddha-sthala meM nAyaka bhI ghara lauTane ke lie chaTapaTAtA hai| vaha tatkAla ur3akara ghara pahu~canA cAhatA hai| apane viyoga meM patnI kI dazA kI kalpanA kara vaha kAtara aura bhayabhIta ho uThatA hai| vaha mana hI mana kahatA hai-'mere pahu~cane ke pahale hI yadi usakA kusuma pallava hRdaya TUTa gayA to ghara pahu~cane se kyA lAbha?' yuddha se lauTakara jaba usakA hRdaya-devatA ghara pahu~catA hai, taba premikA daur3akara usake sAmane nahIM shraatii| vaha mAna karake baiTha jAtI hai / pA~ca paricchedoM meM kavi ne pAThakoM ko mAna ke lIlA-mAdhurya kA zrAsvAdana karAyA hai| ina paricchedoM ko par3hane para eka ekAMkI ko par3hane kA AnaMda prApta hotA hai| rasaparipAka ke lie eka tRtIya vyakti kI sRSTi kI gayI hai-vaha hai nAyikA kI skhii| jise saMbodhana kara nAyaka tathA nAyikA apane apane manobhAva vyakta karate haiM aura sakhI AvazyakatAnusAra bIca bIca meM kucha kaha kara donoM meM sulaha karAtI hai|
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________________ tiruvalluvara tathA unakA amara graMtha tirukkurala sudu isa khaMDa meM eka patiparAyaNA sAdhvI ramaNI ke zuddha zrAcaraNa tathA pavitra hRdayodgAroM kA sajIva citra hai| isameM kahIM para saMyama, pragalbhatA, ucchRMkhalatA tathA apavitratA kI gaMdha taka nahIM / yaha prakaraNa pichale sAhityika graMthoM meM varNita avaidha parakIyA prema se kosoM dUra hai| donoM premI yugala kA varNana hone para bhI isameM azlIlatA kI chAyA taka nahIM dikhAyI detI / prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai ki aneka bAra upadeza vyartha hote haiM / upadezoM kI ina vyarthatA ko dekha kavi ne do premI yugala ke varNana dvArA zuddha prema-rAjya kA vAstavika svarUpa udghATita kiyA hai aura prema-vidhi ke yathocita nirvAha ke lie eka patha-pradarzaka pradarza yuvaka yuvatiyoM ke sAmane rakhA hai / pahale dharma-khaMDa meM satra jIvoM ke prati prema karanA, jIvadayA, hiMsA, mAMsabhakSaNatyAga Adi viSayoM kA suMdara varNana hai / prema kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai- 'prema kA dvAra baMda karanevAlI rukAvaTa kahA~ hai ? eka dUsare para prema karanevAloM kI A~khoM meM chalakanevAle A~sU unake hRdaya meM laharAnevAle prema sAgara ko prakaTa karate haiN| prema kI madhuratA cakhane ke lie hI yaha jIva apane Apako bAra-bAra isa hAr3a-mAMsa ke piMjar3e meM baMda kara letA hai|' dUsaroM ke hRdaya ko pIr3A na pahu~cAne kA upadeza karatA huA kavi kahatA hai' tumhAre eka zabda se yadi kisI dUsare vyakti ko dukha pahu~cA to tumhArI acchAI jalakara khAka ho jAyagI / ma se jalA huA jakhma bhara jAtA hai, paraMtu jihvA se jalI huI jagaha kabhI ThIka nahIM hotii| jaba do mIThe bola bolakara AsAnI se kAma hone kI saMbhAvanA hotI hai taba phira manuSya kyoM kaThora vANI kA upayoga karatA hai?' mitratA kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai- 'jisa prakAra kamara se baMdhA huA vastra havA se ur3ane lagate hI hamArA hAtha use saMbhAlane ke lie turaMta Age bar3hatA hai, usI prakAra mitra kI lajjA chipAne ke lie saccA mitra usa para pardA DAlatA hai|' duzmana ko kevala UparI vyavahAra se nahIM pahacAnA jA sakatA, yaha batAte hue kavi kahatA hai- 'tIra sIdhA dIkhatA hai paraMtu hatyA karatA hai| vINA Ter3hI rahatI hai paraMtu madhura saMgIta sunAtI hai|' isI prakAra eka yaha uddharaNa par3hiye - 'phUloM kI tAjagI se mAlUma hotA hai ki unheM kitanA pAnI diyA gayA hogA / usI bhA~ti manuSya ke vaibhava se aMdAja lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki usane kitanA parizrama kiyA hogA / " isa prakAra tiruvalluvara udAra vicAra, paristhityanukUla dRSTAMta aura rasapUrNa varNana karane meM prasiddha hai / tiruvalluvara ke Der3ha sau varSa bAda eka jaina kavi ne kurala ke saMbaMdha meM likhA hai 'kurala graMtha ke dohoM kI sImA meM asamartha bharA huA hai| mAnoM rAI ko khodakara usameM sapta siMdhu kI vizAlatA ko zrAddha kiyA gayA hai / ' tamila sAhitya kI mahAn saMta kavayitrI avvayAra usake bAre meM kahatI hai- ' jisa prakAra ghAsa ke patte para rahanevAle prosakaraNa meM gagana ko chUnevAle tAr3avRkSa kA pratibiMba hotA hai, usI bhA~ti kurala ke ina choTe padyoM meM mahAn artha bharA huA hai / ' aise thor3e se udAharaNa yahA~ diye jAte haiN| jisa A~kha meM madhuratA nahIM, vaha gar3adA hai| bar3e AdamiyoM kI lakSmI gA~va ke bIca caurAhe para phaloM se jhuke hue vRkSa kI taraha hotI hai / kevala haMsI kA nAma mitratA nahIM, hRdaya ko ha~sAnevAlI saccI prIti hI mitratA hai| jo dukha se duHkhI nahIM hotA vaha duHkha ko duHkhI karatA / jo kisAna bAra-bAra apane khetoM para nahIM jAtA usake kheta kelI jIvana bitAnevAlI patnI kI taraha usase nArAja ho jAte haiN| sirpha kisAna hI apane parizrama kI roTI khAtA hai| bAkI sArI duniyA dUsaroM ke upakAroM se dabI hai| dAnoM se paripUrNa bhuTToM kI chAyA meM ArAma karanevAle hare-bhare kheta jisa rAjya meM haiM usake Age dUsare rAjya ke sira jhuka jaayNge| merA peTa khAlI hai yaha zabda sunakara dharatI mAtA ha~satI hai / kurala ke dharma, artha aura kAma khaMDoM kA Upara jo digdarzana kiyA gayA hai vaha usakI kevala eka
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________________ hai. prAcArya vijayavarasamajUda smAraka maMca jhAMkI hai| eka choTe se lekha meM isa aMtha sla va saMpUrkha vivaraNa denA samaya nhiiN| isa aMcaratna meM mAlApura ke eka pratibhAsaMpana aspRzya julAhe ne manuSya ke naitika, pArivArika vAnasparika jIvana varNana kiyA vaha vizva-sAhitya meM advitIya hai| graMtha meM pratyeka deza ke mAnava-mana kI urmiyoM kA saMdana hai| saMkSepa meM sAdI rahana-sahana aura ucca vicArazakti isa graMtha kA dhyeya hai| isa kAnya ke choTe choTe para tamila prAMta ke choTe-bar3e hara eka kI jabAna para car3he hue haiN| eka ora isa graMtha meM zramaNa yA saMta saMskRti ke saMtoM ke upadezoM kI bhA~ti jIvanopayogI upadeza hai, dasarI ora vaha bhISma, cANakya aura vAtsyAyana ityAdi nIti vizAradoM ke sAtha eka Asana para baiThane yogya hai, tIsarI ora azvaghoSa, kAlidAsa aura siddhasena divAkara jaise vAgIzvaroM kI yogyatA kA bhAvapUrNa kalpanA sAmarthya isa kAvya meM hai| isa graMtha ko par3hakara mana meM yaha bhAvanA dRDhIbhUta ho jAtI hai ki sAdhutA, pauruSa, saMyama, kaSTapUrNa jIvana aura aAtma-gaurava se bar3ha kara isa duniyA meM aura koI guNa nahIM, inake vikAsa ke lie duSTatA tathA pApa kA parityAga karanA caahie| aba to tiruvalluvara kA yaha graMtha kevala tamilanADu kA hI nahIM, balki sAre vizva kA hai| kurala kI racanA kara tiruvalluvara ne vizva sAhitya ko eka amUlya saMpatti dI hai| KIROWWW AASASS