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________________ tatvopaplavasiMha cArvAka darzanakA eka apUrva grantha | gata varSa, I0 sa0 1640 meM, gAyakavADa orieNTala sirIjake granthAGka 87 rUpameM, tattvopaplavasiMha nAmaka grantha prakAzita huA hai jo cArvAka darzana ke vidvAn jayarAzi bhaTTakI kRti hai aura jisakA sampAdana pro0 rasikalAla sI0 parIkha tathA maiMne milakara kiyA hai / isa grantha tathA isake kartAke viSaya meM aisI aneka mahattvapUrNa bAteM haiM jinakI jAnakArI darzana - sAhitya ke itihAsajJoMke lie tathA dArzanika prameyoMke jijJAsunoMke lie upayogI evaM rasaprada haiM / ukta sirIja meM prakAzita prastuta kRtikI prastAvanAyeM, grantha tathA usake kartA ke bAre meM kucha Avazyaka jAnakArI dI gaI hai; phira bhI prastuta lekha viziSTa uddezya se likhA jAtA hai| eka to yaha ki vaha mudrita pustaka sabako utanI sulabha nahIM ho sakatI jitanA ki eka lekha / dUsarI, vaha prastAvanA aMgrejI meM likhI honese aMgrejI na jAnanevAloM ke lie kAryasAdhaka nhiiN| tIsarI, khAsa bAta yaha hai ki usa aMgrejI prastAbanAmeM nahIM carcita aisI anekAneka jJAtavya bAtoMkA isa lekha meM vistRta UhApoha karanA hai / tattvopaplava siMha aura usake kartA ke bAremeM kucha likhaneke pahale, yaha batalAnA upayukta hogA ki isa granthakI mUla prati hameM kaba, kahA~ se aura kisa tarahase milI | karIba pandraha varSa hue, jaba ki maiM apane mitra paM0 becaradAsake sAtha ahamadAbAda ke gujarAta purAtastra mandira meM sanmatitarkakA sampAdana karatA thA, usa samaya sammatitarkakI likhita pratiyoMkI khojakI dhuna mere sirapara savAra thii| mujhe mAlUma huA ki sanmatitarkakI tADapatrakI pratiyA~ pATaNa meM haiN| maiM paM0 becaradAsa ke sAtha vahA~ pahu~cA / usa samaya pATaNa meM sva0 munizrI haMsavijayajI virAjamAna the / vahA~ ke tADapatrIya bhaNDArako khulavAnekA tathA usameM se iSTa pratiyoM ke pA lenekA kaThina kArya ukta munizrIke hI sadbhAva tathA prayatnase sarala huA thA / sanmatitarka kI tADapatrIya pratiyoMko khojate va nikAlate samaya ima logoM kA dhyAna anyAnya apUrva granthoM kI ora bhI thaa| paM0 becaradAsane dekhA ki usa ekamAtra tADapatrIya granthoMke bhaNDArameM do grantha aise haiM jo apUrva ho kara jinakA
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________________ 80 upayoga sammatitarka kI TIkAmeM bhI huA hai / hamane ve donoM grantha kisI taraha usa bhaNDArake vyavasthApakoM se prApta kie / unameMse eka to thA bauddha vidvAn dharmakIrti hetubinduzAstrakA arcaTakRta vivaraNa aura dUsarA grantha thA prastuta topalpavasiMha | apanI viziSTatA tathA pichale sAhitya para par3e hue inake prabhAvake kAraNa, ukta donoM grantha mahatvapUrNa to the hI, para unakI likhita prati anyatra kahIM bhI jJAta na honeke kAraNa ve grantha aura bhI adhika viziSTa mahatvavAle hameM mAlUma hue / ukta donoM granthoMkI tADapatrIya pratiyA~ yadyapi yatra-tatra khaNDita aura kahIM kahIM ghise hue akSaroM vAlI haiM, phira bhI ye zuddha aura prAcIna rahI / tasvopalpava kI isa pratikA lekhana - samaya vi0 saM0 1346 mArgazIrSa kRSNa 11 zanivAra hai / yaha prati gujarAta ke ghola kA nagara meM, mahaM0 narapAlake dvArA likhavAI gaI hai / gholakA, gujarAta meM usa samaya pATaNake bAda dUsarI rAjadhAnIkA sthAna thA, jisameM aneka grantha bhaNDAra bane the aura surakSita the / dholakA vaha sthAna hai jahA~ raha kara prasiddha mantrI vastupAlane sAre gujarAtakA zAsana taMtra calAyA / thA / sambhava hai ki isa pratikA likhAnevAlA mahaM0 narapAla zAyada maMtrI vastupAlakA hI koI vaMzaja ho / astu, jo kucha ho, tattvopaplavakI isa upalabdha tADapatrIya pratiko aneka bAra par3hane, isake ghise hue tathA lupta akSaroMko pUrA karane AdikA zramasAdhya kArya aneka sahRdaya vidvAnoM kI madada se cAlU rahA, jinameM bhAratIya vidyA ke sampAdaka munizrI jinavijayI, pro0 rasikalAla parIkha tathA paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA mukhya haiM / isa tApatrakI pratike prathama vAcanase le kara isa granthake chapa jAne taka meM jo kucha adhyayana aura cintana isa sambandha meM huA hai usakA sAra 'bhAratIya vidyA' ke pAThakoMke lie prastuta lekhake dvArA upasthita kiyA jAtA hai / isa lekhakA vartamAna svarUpa paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ke sauhArdapUrNa sahayogakA phala hai| pranthakAra 2 prastuta granthake racayitAkA nAma, jaisA ki granthake antima prazastipadya meM 1. gAyakavAr3a sirIja meM yaha bhI prakAzita ho gayA hai / 2. bhaTTa zrIjayarAzidevagurubhiH sRSTo mahArthodayaH / tavopalpavasiMha eSa iti yaH khyAtiM parAM yAsyati // tattvo0, pR0 125 " tasvopaplavakaraNAda jayarAziH saugatamatamavalambya brUyAt " - siddhivi0 TI0, pR0 288
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________________ ullikhita hai, ayarAzi bhaTTa hai| yaha jayarAzi kisa varNa yA jAtikA thA isakA koI spaSTa pramANa granthameM nahIM milatA, parantu vaha apane nAmake sAtha jo 'bhaTTa' vizeSaNa lagAtA hai usase jAna par3atA hai ki vaha jAtise brAhmaNa hogA / yadyapi brAhmaNase bhinna aise jaina zrAdi anya vidvAnoMke nAmake sAtha bhI kabhI-kabhI yaha bhaTTa vizeSaNa lagA huA dekhA jAtA hai (yathA-bhaha akalaMka ityAdi); parantu prastuta granthameM Ae hue jaina aura bauddha mata viSayaka nirdaya evaM phaTAkSayukta / khaeDana ke par3hanese spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki yaha jayarAzi na jaina hai aura na bauddha / jaina aura bauddha saMpradAyake itihAsameM aisA eka bhI udAharaNa nahIM milatA hai, jisase yaha kahA jA sake, ki jaina aura bauddha hote hue bhI amuka vidvAnne apane jaina yA bauddha saMpradAyakA samagra bhAvase virodha kiyA ho| jaina aura bauddha sAMpradAyika paraMparAkA baMdhAraNa hI pahalese aisA rahA hai, ki koI vidvAn apanI paraMparAkA AmUla khaNDana karake vaha phira na apaneko usa paraM. parakA anuyAyI kaha sakatA hai aura na usa paramparAke anya anuyAyI hI use apanI paramparAkA mAna sakate haiN| brAhmaNa saMpradAyakA baMdhAraNa itanA sakhta nahIM hai| isa saMpradAyakA koI vidvAn, agara apanI paitRka aisI sabhI vedika mAnyatAoMkA, apanA buddhipATava dikhAneke vAste athavA apanI vAstavika mAnyatAko prakaTa karaneke vAste, AmUla khaNDana karatA hai, taba bhI, vaha yadi AcArase brAhmaNa saMpradAyakA prAtyantika tyAga nahIM kara baiThatA hai, to vaidika matAnuyAyI vizAla janatAmeM usakA sAmAjika sthAna kabhI naSTa nahIM ho pAtA / brAhmaNa sampradAyako prakRtikA, hamArA uparyukta khyAla agara ThIka hai, to 1. bauddhoMke lie ye zabda haiM 'tadvAlavilasitam'-pR. 26, paM0 26 / 'jaDaceSTitam'-pR. 32, 50 4 / 'tadidaM mahAnubhAvasya darzanam / na hya bAliza evaM vaktumutsaheta'-pR. 38, paM0 15 / 'tadetanmugdhAbhidhAnaM dunoti mAnasam'-pR0 36, paM0 17 // 'tadvAlavalgitam'-pR. 36, paM0 23 / 'mugdhabauddhaH'-pR0 42, paM0 22 / 'tanmugdha vilasitam'-pR0 53, paM06 / ityAdi tathA jainoMke lie ye zabda haiM"imAmeva mUrkhatAM digambarANAmaGgIkRtya uktaM sUtrakAreNa yathA "nama ! zramaNaka ! durbuddhe ! kAyaklezaparAyaNa ! / jIvikArthe'pi cArambhe kena svamasi shikssitH||" -pR.76. paM. 15. /
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________________ 3 kahanA hogA ki yaha bhaTTa vizeSaNa jayarAzikI brAhmaNa sAMpradAyikatA kA hI yotaka honA cAhie / / isake sivA, jayarAzike pitA-mAtA yA guru-ziSya ityAdike saMbandha meM kucha bhI patA nahIM calatA / phira bhI jayarAzikA bauddhika mantavya kyA thA yaha bAta isake prastuta grantha se spaSTa jAnI jA sakatI hai / jayarAzi eka taraha se bRhaspatike cArvAka saMpradAyakA anugAmI hai; phira bhI vaha cArvAkake siddhAntoMko akSarazaH nahIM maantaa| cArvAka siddhAnta meM pRthvI Adi cAra bhUtoMkA tathA mukhya rUpase pratyakSa viziSTa pramANakA sthAna hai para jayarAzi na pratyakSa pramANako hI mAnatA hai aura na bhUta tattvoMko hI / taba bhI vaha apaneko cArvAkAnuyAyI jarUra mAnatA hai / ataeva granthake Arambha meM hI bRhaspati ke mantavya ke sAtha apane mantavyakI AnevAlI saMgatikA usane tarkazuddha parihAra bhI kiyA hai / usane apane mantavya ke bAremeM prazna uThAyA hai, ki bRhaspati jaba cAra tatvoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai, taba tuma ( jayarAzi ) tattvamAtrakA khaNDana kaise karate ho ? arthAt bRhaspatikI paramparA ke anuyAyIrUpase kama se kama cAra tattva to tumheM avazya mAnane hI cAhie / isa praznakA jabAba dete hue jayarAzine t paneko bRhaspatikA anuyAyI bhI sUcita kiyA hai aura sAtha hI bRhaspati se eka kadama zrAge bar3hanevAlA bhI batalAyA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki bRhaspati jo apane sUtrameM cAra tatvoM ko ginAtA hai, ve isalie nahIM ki vaha khuda una tatvoM ko mAnatA hai / sUtrameM cAra tattvoMke ginAne athavA tattvoMke vyAkhyAnakI pratijJA karanese bRhaspatikA matalaba sirpha lokaprasiddha tattvoM kA nirdeza karanA mAtra hai / aisA karake bRhaspati yaha sUcita karatA hai, ki sAdhAraNa loka meM prasiddha aura mAne jAnevAle pRthvI Adi cAra tattva bhI jaba siddha ho nahIM sakate, to phira zraprasiddha aura zratIndriya AtmA Adi tattvoM kI to bAta hI kyA ? bRhaspati ke kucha sUtroMkA ullekha karake aura usake zrAzaya ke sAtha apane nae prasthAnakI zrAnevAlI saMgatikA parihAra karake jayarAzine bhArata varSIya prAcIna guruziSya bhAvakI praNAlIkA hI paricaya diyA hai / bhAratavarSa ke kisI bhI saMpradAya 1. 'nanu yadi upaplavastatvAnAM kimAyA....; zrathAtastattvaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH ' ; 'pRthivyApastejovAyuriti tattvAni, tatsamudAye zarIrendriyaviSayasaMjJA ityAdi 1 na zranyArthasvAt / kimartham 1 pratibimbanArtham / kiM punaratra pratibimbyate ? pRthivyAdIni tattvAni loke prasiddhAni tAnyapi vicAryamANAni na vyavatiSThante, kiM punaranyAni ?' -- tatvo0 pR0 1, paM0 10 /
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________________ ke itihAsako hama dekhate hai, to usame spaSTa dikhAI detA hai, ki jaba koI asAdhAraNa aura navIna vicArakA prasthApaka paidA hotA hai taba vaha apane navIna vicAroMkA mUla yA bIja apane saMpradAyake prAcIna evaM pratiSThita zrAcAryoMke vAkyoMmeM hI batalAtA hai| vaha apaneko amuka saMpradAyakA anuyAyI mAnanemanavAne ke lie usakI paramparAke prAcIna evaM pratiSThita prAcAryoM ke sAtha apanA avicchinna anusaMdhAna avazya batalAtA hai| cAhe phira usakA vaha nayA vicAra usa saMpradAyake pUrvavartI zrAcAryoM ke mastiSkameM kabhI pAyA bhI na ho|' jayarAzine bhI yahI kiyA hai| usane apane nijI vicAra-vikAsako bRhaspatike abhiprAyameM se hI phalita kiyA hai| yaha vastusthiti itanA batalAneke lie paryApta hai ki jayarAzi apane ko bRhaspatikI saMpradAyakA mAnane-manavAnekA pakSapAtI hai| apaneko bRhaspatikI paramparAkA mAna kara aura manavA kara bhI vaha apaneko bRhaspatise bhI U~cI buddhibhUmikA para pahu~cA huzrA mAnatA hai / apane isa mantavyako vaha spaSTa zabdoMmeM, granthake antakI prazastike eka padyameM, vyakta karatA hai / vaha bahuta hI joradAra zabdoM meM kahatA hai ki suraguru-bRhaspatiko bhI jo nahIM sUjhe aise samartha vikalpa --vicAraNIya prazna mere isa granthameM grathita haiM / ___jayarAzi bRhaspatikI cArvAka mAnyatAkA anugAmI thA isameM to koI sandeha nahIM, para yahA~ prazna yaha hai ki jayarAzi buddhise hI usa paramparAkA anugAmI thA ki prAcArase bhI ? isakA jabAba hameM sIdhe taurase kisI taraha nahIM milatA / para tattvopaplavake yAntarika parizIlanase tathA cArvAka paraparAkI thor3I bahuta pAI jAnevAlI aitihAsika jAnakArIse, aisA jAna par3atA hai ki jayarAzi buddhise hI cArvAka paramparAkA anugAmI honA cAhie / sAhityika 1, udAharaNArtha zrAcArya zaGkara, rAmAnuja, madhya aura vallabhAdiko lIjie-- jo sabhI paraspara atyanta viruddha aise apane mantavyoM ko gItA, brahmasUtra jaisI eka hI kRtimese phalita karate haiM; tathA sautrAntika, vijJAnavAdI aura zUnyavAdI bauddhAcArya paraspara bilakula bhinna aise apane vicAroMkA udgama eka hI tathAgatake upadezamese batalAte haiN| 2. "ye yAtA nahi gocaraM suraguroH buddhavikalpA httaaH| prApyante nanu te'pi yatra vimale pAkhaNDadacchidi / ' - tattvo0 pR0 125, paM0 13
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________________ itihAsa hameM cArvAkake khAsa jude AcAroMke bAremeM kucha bhI nahIM kahatA / yadyapi anya ' saMpradAyoMke vidvAnoMne cArvAka matakA nirUpaNa karate hue, usake abhimata rUpase kucha nItivihIna AcAroMkA nirdeza avazya kiyA hai; para itane parase hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki cArvAkake abhimatarUpase, anyaparamparAke vidvAnoMke dvArA varNana kiye gae ve AcAra, cArvAka paramparAmeM bhI kartavyarUpase pratipAdana kiye jAte hoNge| cArvAka darzanakI tAttvika mAnyatA darzAnevAle bArhaspatyake nAmase kucha sUtra yA vAkya hameM bahuta purAne samayake milate haiN| para hameM aisA koI vAkya yA sUtra nahIM milatA jo bArhaspatya nAmake sAtha uddhRta ho aura jisameM cArvAka mAnyatAke kisI na kisI prakAra ke prAcAroMkA varNana ho / khuda bAIspatya vAkyoMke dvArA cArvAkake prAcAroMkA patA hameM na caleM taba taka, anya dvArA kiye gae varNanamAtrase, hama yaha nizcita natIjA nahIM nikAla sakate ki amuka aAcAra hI cArvAkakA hai / vAmamArgIya paraMparAzromeM yA tAntrika evaM kApAlika paramparAoMmeM pracalita yA mAne jAnevAle aneka vidhi-niSedhamukta / zrAcAroMkA patA hameM kitaneeka tAntrika Adi granthoMse calatA hai / para ve AcAra cArvAka mAnyatAko bhI mAnya hoMge isa bAtakA nirNAyaka pramANa hamAre pAsa koI nahIM / aisI dazAmeM jayarAziko. cArvAka saMpradAyakA anugAmI mAnate hue bhI, nirvivAda rUpase hama use sirpha buddhise hI cArvAka paramparAkA anugAmI 1. "pira khAda ca cArulocane yadatItaM varagAtri tannate / nahi bhIru gataM nivartate samudayamAtramidaM kalevaram // sAdhyavRttinivRttibhyAM yA prItirjAyate jane / nirarthA sA mate teSAM dharmaH kAmAt paro na hi // " -SaDada0 kA0 82, 86 / 'prAyeNa sarvaprANinastAvat yAvajIvaM sukhaM jIvennAsti mRtyorgocrH| bhasmIbhUtasya dehasya punarAgamanaM kutaH // 'iti lokagAthAmanurundhAnA nItikAmazAstrAnusAreNArthakAmAveva puruSArthoM manyamAnAH pAralaukikamarthamapahRvAnAcArvAkamatamanuvartamAnA evAnubhUyante |'srvdrshnsNgrh, pR0 2 / 2. isa viSayake jijJAsuoMko AgamaprakAza nAmakI gujarAtI pustaka dekhane yogya hai jisameM lekhakane tAntrika granthoMkA havAlA dekara vAmamArgIya aAcAroMkA nirUpaNa kiyA hai|
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________________ kaha sakate haiN| aisA bhI saMbhava hai ki vaha prAcArake viSayameM apanI paitRka aisI brAhmaNa paramparAke hI prAcAroMkA sAmAnya rUpase anugAmI rahA ho| jayarAzike janmasthAna, nivAsasthAna yA pitRdezake bAremeM jAnanekA koI spaSTa pramANa prApta nahIM haiN| parantu usakI prastuta kRti tasvopaplavakA kiyA gayA sarvaprathama upayoga, hama isa samaya, jaina vidvAn vidyAnanda, anantavIrya AdikI kRtiyoMmeM dekhate haiN| vidyAnanda dakSiNa bhAratake vidvAn hai, ataeva puSTa saMbhAvanA yaha hai ki jayarAzi bhI dakSiNa bhAratameM hI kahIM utpanna huA hogA / pazcima bhArata- arthAt gujarAta aura mAlavAmeM honevAle kaI jaina vidvAnoMne ' bhI apane granthoMmeM tattvopaplavakA sAkSAt upayoga kiyA hai; parantu jAna par3atA hai ki gujarAta AdimeM tattvopaplavakA jo pracAra bAdameM jAkara huA vaha asalameM vidyAnandakI kRtiyoMke pracArakA hI pariNAma mAlama hotA hai / uttara aura pUrva bhAratameM race gae kisI granthameM, tatvopaplavakA kiyA gayA aisA koI pratyakSa upayoga abhI taka nahIM dekhA gayA, jaisA dakSiNa bhArata aura pazcima bhAratameM bane hue granthoMmeM dekhA jAtA hai / isameM bhI dakSiNa bhAratakI kRtiyoMmeM hI jaba sarvaprathama isakA upayoga dekhA jAtA hai taba aisI kalpanAkA karanA asaMgata nahIM mAlUma detA ki jayarAzikI yaha ayUrva kRti kahIM dakSiNameM hI banI hogii| jayarAzike samayake bAremeM bhI anumAnase hI kAma lenA par3atA hai / kyoMki na to isane svayaM apanA samaya sUcita kiyA hai aura na dUsare kisIne hI isake samayakA ullekha kiyA hai| tatvopaplavameM jina prasiddha vidvAnoMke nAma Ae haiM yA jinakI kRtiyoMmeMse kucha avataraNa Ae haiM una vidvAnoM ke samayakI antima avadhi I0 sa0 725 ke AsapAsa takakI hai / kumArila, prabhAkara, dharmakIrti aura dharmakIrtike TIkAkAra zrAdi vidvAnoMke nAma, vAkya yA mantavya tatvopaplavameM ' milate haiN| ina vidvAnoMke samayakI uttara avadhi I0 sa0 750 1. aSTasahasrI, pR0 37 / siddhivinizcaya, pR0 288 / 2. gujarAta tathA mAlavAmeM vihAra karanevAle sanmati ke TIkAkAra abhayadeva, jainatarkavArtikakAra zAntisU ri,syAdvAdaratnAkarakAra vAdI devasUri,syAdvAdamaMjarIkAra maliNasUri Adi aise vidvAna hue haiM jinhoMne tattvopaplavakA sAkSAt upayoga kiyA hai| 3. kumArilake zlokavArtikakI kucha kArikAe~ tatvopaplavameM (pR0 27, 116) uddhRta kI gaI haiN| prabhAkarake smRtipramoSasaMbaMdha matakA khaNDana jayarAzine
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________________ se Age nahIM jA sakatI, dUsarI tarapha, I0 sa0810 se 875 takameM saMbhavita jaina vidvAn vidyAnandane tattvopaplavakA kevala nAma hI nahIM liyA hai balki usake aneka bhAga jyoMke tyoM apanI kRtiyoMmeM uddhRta kiye haiM aura unakA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai / para sAthameM isa jagaha yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie, ki I. sa0 kI AThavIM zatAbdIke uttarArdhameM honevAle yA jIvita aise akalaMka, haribhadra zrAdi kisI jaina vidvAnkA taravopaplavameM koI nirdeza nahIM hai, aura na una vidvAnoMkI kRtiyoM meM hI taccopaplavakA vaisA koI sUcana hai / isI taraha, I0 sa. kI navIM zatAbdIke prArambhameM honevAle prasiddha zaMkarAcAryakA bhI koI sUcana tattvopaplavameM nahIM hai| tatvopaplava meM AyA huA vedAntakA khaNDana' prAcIna aupaniSadika saMpradAyakA hI khaNDana jAna par3atA hai| ina saba bAtopara vicAra karanese isa samaya hamArI dhAraNA aisI banatI hai ki jayarAzi I0sa0 725 takameM kabhI huA hai| ___yahA~ eka bAta para vizeSa vicAra karanA prAsa hotA hai, aura vaha yaha hai, ki tattvopaplavameM eka padya ' aisA milatA hai jo zAntarakSitake tattvasaMgrahameM maujUda hai| para vahA~, vaha kumArilake nAmake sAtha uddhata kiye jAne para bhI, upalabhya kumArilakI kisI kRti meM prApya nahIM hai| agara tattvopaplavameM uddhRta kiyA huaA vaha padya, sacamuca tattvasaMgrahameMse hI liyA gayA hai, vistArase kiyA hai (pR0 18) / dharmakItike pramANavArtikakI kucha kArikAe~ aura nyAyabindukA eka sUtra tatvopaplavameM uddhRta haiM (pR0 28, 51, 45, ityAdi tathA pR0 32) / dharmakIrtike TIkAkAroMkA nAmollekha to nahIM milatA kintu dharmakIrtike kisI granthakI kArikAkI, jo TIkA kisIne kI hogI usakA khaNDana tasvopaplavameM upalabdha hai--pR068 / 1. 'kathaM pramANasya prAmANyam ? kimaduSTakArakasandohotpAdyatvena, bAdhArahitatvena, pravRttisAmarthena, anyathA vA ? yadyaduSTakArakasandohotpAdyatvena sadA....' ityAdi aSTasahasrIgata pATha (aSTasahasrI pR0 38) tattvopaplavameMse (pR0 2) zabdazaH liyA gayA hai| aura Age calakara aSTasahastrIkArane tatvopaplavake una vAkyoMkA eka-eka karake khaNDana bhI kiyA hai-dekho, zraSTasahastrI pR0 40 / / 2. dekho, tattvopaplava pR0 81 / 3, "doSAH santi na santIti" ityAdi, tattvo0 pR0 116 /
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________________ to aisA mAnanA hogA ki jayarAzine zAntarakSitake tattvasaMgrahako jarUra dekhA thA / zAntarajitakA jIvana-kAla itanA adhika vistRta hai ki vaha prAyaH pUrI eka zatAbdIko vyApta kara letA hai| zAntarakSitakA samaya I0 sa0 kI AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI hai| isa bAtase bhI jayarAzike samaya saMbandhI hamAre ukta anumAnakI puSTi hotI hai| dasa-bIsa varSa idhara yA udhara; para samaya saMbandhI uparyukta anumAnameM vizeSa antara par3anekI saMbhAvanA bahuta hI kama hai| jayarAzikI pANDityaviSayaka yogyatAke viSayameM vicAra karanekA sAdhana, tatvopaplavake sivAya, hamAre sAmane aura kucha bhI nahIM hai / tattvopaplavameM eka jagaha lakSaNasAra' nAmaka granthakA nirdeza hai jo jayarAzikI hI kRti jAna par3atI hai; parantu vaha grantha abhI taka kahIM upalabdha nahIM hai | jayarAzikI anya kRtiyoMke bAremeM aura koI pramANa nahIM milA hai| parantu prastuta tasvopaplavakI pANDityapUrNa evaM bahuzruta carcAoMko dekhanese aisA mAnanekA mana ho jAtA hai ki jayarAzine aura bhI kucha grantha avazya likhe hoMge | jayarAzi dArzanika hai phira bhI usake kevala vaiyAkaraNasulabha kucha prayogoMko dekha kara yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki vaha vaiyAkaraNa jarUra thaa| usakI dArzanika lekhana-zailImeM bhI jahA~-tahA~ zrAlaMkArikasulabha vyaGgoktiyA~ aura madhura kaTAkSoMkI bhI kahIM-kahIM chaTA hai / / isase usake eka acche prAlaMkArika hone meM bhI bahuta sandeha nahIM rahatA / jayarAzi vaiyAkaraNa yA AlaMkArika ho~~ yA na ho, para vaha dArza 1. 'avyapadezyapadaM ca yathA na sAdhIyaH tathA lakSaNasAre draSTavyam |'ttvo0 pR0 20 / 2. 'jegIyate'-pR0 26, 41 / 'jAghaTIti' pR0 27,76 ityAdi / 3. 'zRNvantu amI bAlalapitaM vipazcitaH 1 -pR. 5 / 'aho rAjAjJA garIyasI naiyAyikapazoH !'-pR0 6 / 'tadetanmahAsubhASitam ?'-pR0 6 / 'na jAtu jAnate janAH |'-pR08| 'marIcayaH pratibhAnti devAnAMpriyasyA' -pR0 12 / 'aho rAjAjJA naiyAyikapazoH -pR0 14 / 'tathApi vidyamAnayorbAdhyabAdhakabhAvo bhUpAlayoriva'-pR0 15 / 'soyaM gaDapravezAkSitArakavinirgamanyAyopanipAtaH zrutilAlasAnAM duruttrH|'-pR0 23 / 'bAlavilasitam' -pR0 26 / 'jaDaceSTitam'-pR0 32 / 'tadidaM madvikalpAndolitabuddhaH nirupapattikAbhidhAnam-pR0 33 / 'vartamAnavyavahAravirahaH syAt-pR0 37 / 'jar3amatayaH' pR0 56 / 'susthitaM nityatvam' pR. 76 /
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________________ Ji nika to pUrA hai| usake abhyAsakA viSaya bhI koI eka darzana, yA kisI eka darzanakA amuka hI sAhitya nahIM hai, para usane apane samaya meM pAe jAnevAle sabhI prasiddha prasiddha darzanoMke pradhAna - pradhAna grantha zravazya dekhe jAna par3ate haiM / usane khaNDanIya aise sabhI darzanoMke pradhAna granthoMko kevala sthUla rUpase dekhA hI nahIM hai, parantu vaha khaNDanIya darzanoMke mantavyoMko vAstavika evaM gahare abhyAsake dvArA pI gayA-sA jAna par3atA hai / vaha kisI bhI darzanake prabhimata pramANalakSaNakI yA prameyatatvakI jaba samAlocanA karatA hai taba mAnoM usa khaNDanIya tatvako, arjunakI taraha, saikar3oM ' hI vikalpa bANoMse, vyApta kara detA hai / jayarAzi ke uThAe hue pratyeka vikalpakA mUla kisI na kisI dArzanika paramparAmaiM avazya dekhA jAtA hai| usase usake dArzanika viSayoMke talasparzI abhyAsake bAre meM to koI sandeha hI nahIM rahatA / jayarAziko apanA to koI pakSa sthApita karanA hai hI nahIM; usako to jo kucha karanA hai vaha dUsaroMke mAne hue siddhAntoMkA khaNDana mAtra | ataeva vaha jaba taka, apane samaya paryanta meM maujUda aura prasiddha sabhI darzanoMke mantavyoMkA thor3A-bahuta khaNDana na kare taba taka, vaha apane granthake udda ezyako, arthAt samagra tatvoMke khaNDanako, siddha hI nahIM kara sakatA / usane apanA yaha uddezya tattvopaplava granthake dvArA siddha kiyA hai, aura isase sUcita hotA hai ki vaha samagra bhAratIya darzana paramparAoMkA talasparzI abhyAsI thA / vaha eka-eka karake saba darzanoMkA khaNDana karaneke bAda anta meM vaiyAkaraNa darzanakI bhI pUrI khabara letA hai / jayarAzine vaidika, jaina aura bauddha - ina tInoM saMpradAyoMkA khaNDana kiyA hai| aura phira vaidika paramparA antargata nyAya, sAMkhya, mImAMsA, vedAnta aura vyAkaraNa darzanakA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai| jaina saMpradAyako usane digambara zabda se ullikhita kiyA hai / ke 1. 'keyaM kalpanA 1 kiM guNacalanajAtyAdivizeSaNotpAditaM vijJAnaM kalpanA, Aho mRtyutpAdakaM vijJAnaM kalpanA, smRtirUpaM vA smRtyutpAdyaM vA, zrabhilApasaMsarganirbhAso vA abhilApavatI pratItirvA kalpanA, aspaSTAkArA vA, tAvikArthagRhItirUpA vA, svayaM vA'tAvikI, trirUpAlliGgato'rthadRgbA, zratItAnAgatArthanirbhAsA vA 1' - eka kalpanAke viSaya meM hI itane vikalpa karake aura phira pratyeka vikalpako lekara bhI uttarottara aneka vikalpa karake jayarAzi unakA khaNDana karatA hai / - takho0 pR0 32 / 2. tavopaplava, pR0 120 / pR0 76 / ""
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________________ bauddha matakI vijJAnavAdI zAkhAkA, khAsa kara dharmakIrti aura usake ziSyoM ke mantavyoMkA nirasana kiyA hai / ' usakA khaNDita vaiyAkaraNa darzana mahAbhASyAnugAmI ' bhartRharikA darzana jAna par3atA hai / isa taraha jayarAzikI pradhAna yogyatA dArzanika viSayakI hai aura vaha samagra darzanoMse saMbandha rakhatI hai| grantha paricaya nAma-prastuta granthakA pUrA nAma hai tattvopaplavasiMha jo usake prAraMbhika padyameM spaSTa rUpase diyA huA hai ' / yadyapi yaha prArambhika padya bahuta kucha 1. pramANasAmAnyakA lakSaNa, jisakA ki khaNDana jayarAzine kiyA hai, dharmakIrtike pramANavArtikameMse liyA gayA hai (-tattvo0 pR0 28) / pratyakSakA lakSaNa bhI khaNDana karaneke lie dharmakIrtike nyAyabindumeMse hI liyA gayA hai ( -pR. 32) / isI prasaMgameM dharmakIrti aura unake ziSyoMne jo sAmAnyakA khaNDana aura santAnakA samarthana kiyA hai-usakA khaNDana bhI jayarAzine kiyA hai| Age calakara jayarAzine (pR083 se) dharmakIrti sammata tInoM anumAnakA khaNDana kiyA hai aura usI prasaMgameM dharmakIrti aura unake ziSyoM dvArA kiyA gayA avayavInirAkaraNa, bAhyArthavilopa, kSaNikatvasthApana-ityAdi viSayoMkA vistArase khaNDana kiyA hai| 2. apazabdake bhASaNase manuSya mleccha ho jAtA hai ataH sAdhuzabdake prayogajJAna ke lie vyAkaraNa paDhanA zrAvazyaka hai, aisA mahAbhASyakArakA mata hai'mlecchA mA bhUma ityadhyeyaM vyAkaraNam (-pAta. mahAbhASya pR0 22:60 guruprasAdasaMpAdita), tathA "evamihApi samAnAyAM arthAvagatau zabdena cApazabdena ca dharmaniyamaH kriyate / 'zabdenaivArtho'midheyo nApazabdena' iti evaM kriyamANamabhyudayakAriM bhavatIti"-(pR058) aisA kaha karake mahAbhASyakArane sAdhuzabdake prayogako hI abhyudayakara batAyA hai| mahAbhASyakArake isI matako lakSyameM rakhakara bhartRharine apane vAkyapadIyameM sAdhuzabdoMke prayogakA samarthana kiyA hai aura asAdhazabdoMke prayogakA niSedha kiyA hai "ziSTa bhya bhAgamAt siddhAH sAdhavo dharmasAdhanam / arthapratyAyanAbhede viparItAstvasAdhavaH // " ityAdi--vAkyapadIya, 1. 27, 1. 141, tathA 146 se| jayarAzine isa matakA khaNDana kiyA hai-pR. 120 se / 3. dekho pa0 80 kA TippaNa 2 /
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________________ 60 khaNDita ho gayA hai, tathApi daivayogase isa zArdUlavikrIDita padyakA eka pAda baca gayA hai jo zAyada usa padyakA aMtima arthAt cauthA hI pAda hai; aura jisameM granthakArane grantha racanekI pratijJA karate hue isakA nAma bhI sUcita kara diyA hai / graMthakArane jo tattvopaprasiMha aisA nAma rakhA hai aura isa nAmake sAtha jo 'viSamaH' tathA 'mayA sRjyate' aise pada mila rahe haiM, isase jAna par3atA hai ki isa padya ke anupalabdha tIna pAdoMmeM aisA koI rUpakakA varNana hogA jisake sAtha 'siMha' zabdakA mela baiTha sake / hama dUsare aneka graMthoMke prArambhameM aise rUpaka pAte haiM jinameM granthakAroMne apane darzanako 'kesarI siMha' yA 'agni' ' kahA hai aura prativAdI yA pratipakSabhUta darzanoMko 'hariNa' yA 'IMdhana' kahA hai / prastuta graMthakArakA abhipreta rUpaka bhI aisA hI kucha honA cAhie, jisameM kahA gayA hogA ki sabhI Astika darzana yA pramANaprameyavAdI darzana mRgaprAya haiM aura prastuta tavopaplava grantha unake lie eka viSama - bhayAnaka siMha hai / apane virodhI ke Upara yA zikArake Upara AkramaNa karanekI siMhakI nirdayatA suvidita hai / isI taraha prastuta grantha bhI sabhI sthApita saMpradAyoM kI mAnyatAoM kA nirdayatApUrvaka nirmUlana karanevAlA hai / tatropaplavasiMha nAma rakhane tathA rUpaka karanemeM granthakArakA yahI bhAva jAna par3atA hai| tatropaplavasiMha yaha pUrA nAma I0 1314 vIM zatAbdI ke jainAcArya mallikI kRti syAdvAdamaJjarI ( pR0 118 ) meM bhI dekhA jAtA hai / anya granthoMmeM jahA~ kahIM prastuta granthakA nAma AyA hai vahA~ prAyaH tavopaplava 1 itanA hI saMkSipta nAma milatA hai / jAna par3atA hai pichale granthakAroMne saMkSepameM tatvopaplava nAmakA hI prayoga karanemeM subhItA dekhA ho / uddezya - prastuta granthakI racanA karanemeM granthakAra ke mukhyatayA do uddezya jAna par3ate haiM jo aMtima bhAgase spaSTa hote haiM / inameMse, eka to yaha ki apane sAmane maujUda aisI dArzanika sthira mAnyatAoM kA samUloccheda karake yaha batalAnA, ki zAstroM meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai aura unake dvArA jo kucha sthApana kiyA jAtA hai, vaha saba parIkSA karanepara nirAdhAra siddha hotA hai / ataeva zAstrajIvI sabhI vyavahAra, jo sundara va AkarSaka mAlUma hote haiM, avicAra ke 1. " zrIvIraH sa jinaH zriye bhavatu yat syAdvAdadAvAnale, bhasmIbhUta kutarka kASTha nikare tRyyantisarve'pyaho / " - SaDdarzanasamuccaya, guNaratraTIkA, pR0 1 * 2. siddhivinizcaya, pR0 288 /
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________________ hI pariNAma haiN| isa prakAra samagra tatvoMkA khaNDana karake cArvAka mAnyatAkA punarujjIvana karanA yaha pahalA uddezya hai| dUsarA uddazya, granthakArakA yaha jAna par3atA hai, ki prastuta granthake dvArA adhyetAoMko aisI zikSA denA, jisase ve prativAdiyoMkA mu~ha bar3I saralatAse banda kara sake / yadyapi pahale uddezyakI pUrNa saphalatA vivAdAspada hai, para dUsare uddezyakI saphalatA asaMdigdha hai / grantha isa DhaMgase aura itane jaTila vikalpoMke jAlase banAyA gayA hai ki eka bAra jisane isakA acchI taraha adhyayana kara liyA ho, aura phira vaha jo prativAdiyoMke sAtha vivAda karanA cAhatA ho, to isa granthameM pradarzita zailIke AdhAra para sacamuca prativAdIko kSaNabharameM cupa kara sakatA hai| isa dusare uddezyakI saphalatAke pramANa hameM itihAsa meM bhI dekhaneko milate haiN| IsAkI gyArahavIM zatAbdIke prasiddha jainAcArya zAMtisUri-jo vAdivetAlake virudase suprasiddha haiM.. ke sAtha tattvopaplavakI madadase arthAt tattvopaplaba jaise vikalpajAlakI madadase carcA karanevAle eka dharma nAmaka vidvAnakA sUcana, prabhAcandrasUrine apane 'prabhAvaka caritra meM kiyA hai / bauddha aura vaidika sAMpradAyika vidvAnoMne vAda-vivAdameM yA zAstraracanAmeM, prastuta tattvopaplavakA upayoga kiyA hai yA nahIM aura kiyA hai to kitanA-isake jAnane kA abhI hamAre pAsa koI sAdhana nahIM hai; parantu jahA~ taka jaina saMpradAyakA saMbaMdha hai, hameM kahanA par3atA hai, ki kyA digambara-kyA zvetAmbara sabhI prasiddha prasiddha jaina vidvAnoMne apanI grantharacanAmeM aura saMgata huA to zAstrArthoM meM bhI, tatvopaplavakA thor3A bahuta upayoga avazya kiyA hai / aura yahI khAsa kAraNa hai ki yaha grantha anyatra kahIM prApta na hokara jaina granthabhaMDArameM hI upalabdha huA hai| saMdarbha-prastuta granthakA saMdarbha gadyamaya saMskRta meM hai| yadyapi isameM anya granthoM ke aneka padyabandha avataraNa Ate haiM, para granthakArakI kRtirUpase to zrAdi 1. 'tadevamupapluteSveva tattveSu avicAritaramaNIyAH sarve vyavahArA ghaTanta ev|' tathA--- 'pAkhaNDakhaNDanAbhijJA jJAnodadhivivarddhitAH / jayarAzerjayantIha vikalyA vAdijiSNavaH // ' tatvo0 pR. 125. 2. siMghI jena granthamAlAmeM prakAzita, prabhAvakacarita, pu. 221-222 / pro. rasikalAla parikha saMpAdita, kAvyAnuzAsanakI a~garejI prastAvanA, pR. CXLVI; tathA tattvopaplavakI prastAvanA pR0 5 / 3. aSTasahastrI, siddhivinizcaya, nyAyamukudacandra, sanmatiTIkA, syAdvAdaratnAkara, syAdvAdamaJjarI Adi /
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________________ hara aura antake milAkara kula tIna ho padya isameM milate haiN| bAkI sArA grantha sarala gadyameM hai / bhASA prasanna aura vAkya choTe-choTe haiM / phira bhI isameM jo kucha durUhatA yA jaTilatA prApta hotI hai, vaha vicArakI ati sUkSmatA aura ekake bAda dUsarI aisI vikalpoM kI jhar3Ike kAraNa hai / zailI - prastuta granthakI zailI vaitaDika hai / vaitaDika zailI vaha hai jisameM vitaNDA kathAkA Azraya lekara carcA kI gaI ho / vitaNDA yaha kathA ke tIna prakAroM kA eka prakAra hai / dArzanika sAhitya meM bitaNDA kathAkA kyA sthAna hai, aura vaitaDika zailIke sAhitya meM prastuta granthakA kyA sthAna hai, ise samajhane ke lie nIce likhI bAtoMpara thor3A-sA aitihAsika vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / ( a ) kathA ke prakAra evaM unakA pArasparika antara / (i) dArzanika sAhitya meM vitaNDA kathAkA praveza aura vikAsa | ( u ) vaitaDika zailIke granthoM meM prastuta granthakA sthAna | ( a ) do vyaktiyoM yA do samUhoMke dvArA kI jAnevAlI carcA, jisameM donoM apane-apane pakSakA sthApana aura virodhI parapakSakA nirasana, yukti se karate ho, kathA kahalAtI hai / isake bAda, jalpa aura vitaNDA aise tIna prakAra haiM, jo upalabdha saMskRta sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna akSapAda ke sUtroMmeM lakSaNapUrvaka nirdiSTa haiN| vAdakathA' vaha hai jo kevala satya jAnane aura jatalAne ke abhiprAyase kI jAtI hai| isa kathAkA zrAntarika preraka tatva kevala satyajijJAsA hai | jalpakathA vaha hai jo vijayakI icchAse yA kisI lAbha evaM khyAtikI 1. kathAse saMbaMdha rakhanevAlI aneka jJAtavya bAtoMkA paricaya prApta karane kI icchA rakhanevAloM ke licha gujarAtI meM likhA huA hamArA 'kathApaddhatinuM svarUpa ane tenA sAhityanuM digdarzana' nAmaka suvistRta lekha ( purAtatva, pustaka 3, pU0 165 ) upayogI hai / isI taraha unake vAste hindImeM svataMtrabhAvase likhe hue hamAre ve vistRta TippaNa bhI upayogI haiM jo 'siMghI jaina manthamAlA' meM prakAzita ' pramANamImAMsA' ke bhASATippaNoMmeM, pR0 108 se pR0 123 taka aMkita haiM / 2. 'pramANatarkasAdhanopAlambhaH siddhAntAviruddhaH paJcAvayavopapannaH pakSAtipakSaparigraho vAdaH / yathoktopapannazchalajAtinigrahasthAna sAdhanopAlambho jalpaH / svapratipakSasthApanAhIno vitaNDA | nyAyasUtra 1. 2. 1-3 /
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________________ icchAsekI jAtI hai / isakA preraka Antarika tatva kevala vijayecchA hai / vitaNDA kathA bhI vijayecchAse hI kI jAtI hai / isa taraha jalpa aura vitaNDA do to vijayecchAjanita haiM aura bAda tattvabodhecchAjanita | vijaye - cchAjanita hone para bhI jalpa aura vitaeDAmeM eka antara hai, aura vaha yaha ki jalpakathA meM vAdI prativAdI donoM apanA-apanA pakSa rakhakara apane-apane pakSakA sthApana karate hue, virodhI pakSakA khaNDana karate haiN| jaba ki vitaNDA kathA meM yaha bAta nahIM hotI / usameM apane pakSakA sthApana kiye binA hI pratipakA khaNDana karanekI ekamAtra dRSTi rahatI hai / By yahA~ para aitihAsika tathA vikAsa kramakI dRSTise yaha kahanA ucita hogA ki Upara jo kathAke tIna prakAroMkA tathA unake pArasparika antarakA zAstrIya sUcana kiyA hai, vaha vividha viSayake vidvAnoMmeM aneka sadiyoMse calI AtI huI carcAkA tarkazuddha pariNAma mAtra hai / bahuta purAne samayakI carcAo meM aneka judI - judI paddhatiyoMkA bIja nihita hai / vArtAlApakI paddhati, jise saMvAdapaddhati bhI kahate haiM, praznottarapaddhati aura kathApaddhati - ye sabhI prAcIna kAla kI carcA I kabhI zuddha rUpase to kabhI mizrita rUpase calatI thIM / kathApaddhativAlI carcA meM bhI vAda, jalpa zrAdi kathAoM kA mizraNa ho jAtA thA / jaise-jaise anubhava bar3hatA gayA aura eka paddhatimeM dUsarI paddhati ke mizraNase, aura khAsakara eka kathAmeM dUsarI kathAke mizraNase, kathAkAlameM tathA usake pariNAmameM nAnAvidha sAmaJjasyakA anubhava hotA gayA, vaise-vaise kuzala vidvAnoMne kathA ke bhedoMkA spaSTa vibhAjana karanA bhI zurU kara diyA; aura isake sAtha hI sAtha unhoMne haraeka kathA ke lie, adhikArI, prayojana, niyama - upaniyama zrAdikI maryAdA bhI bA~dhanI zurU kii| isakA spaSTa nirdeza hama sabase pahale akSapAda ke sUtroM meM dekhate haiM / kathAkA yaha zAstrIya nirUpaNa isake bAdake samagra vAGmayameM Ajataka susthira hai / yadyapi bIca-bIca meM bauddha aura jaina tArkikone, akSapA dakI batalAI huI kathAsaMbandhI maryAdAkA virodha aura parihAsa karake, apanIapanI kucha bhinna praNAlI bhI sthApita kI hai; phira bhI sAmAnya rUpase dekhA jAe to sabhI dArzanika paramparAoM meM akSapAdakI batalAI huI kathApaddhatikI maryAdAkA hI prabhutva banA huA hai / (i) vyAkaraNa, alaMkAra, jyotiSa, vaidyaka, chanda ra saMgIta zrAdi aneka aise viSaya haiM jinapara carcAtmaka saMskRta sAhitya kAphI tAdAda meM banA C phira bhI hama dekhate haiM ki vitaNDA kathA ke praveza aura vikAsakA kendra to kevala dArzanika sAhitya hI rahA hai / isa antarakA kAraNa, * viSayakA svAbhA
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________________ vika svarUpabheda hI hai / darzanoMse saMbandha rakhanevAle sabhI viSaya prAyaH aise hI haiM jinameM kalpanAoMke sAmrAjyakA yatheSTa avakAza hai, aura jinakI carcA meM kucha bhI sthApana na karanA aura kevala khaNDana hI khaNDana karanA yaha bhI AkarSaka bana jAtA hai / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki dArzanika kSetrake sivAya anya kisI viSayameM vitaNDA kathAke vikAsa evaM prayogakI koI guMjAiza nahIM hai / ___carcA karanevAle vidvAnoMkI dRSTimeM bhI aneka kAraNoMse parivartana hotA rahatA hai| jaba vidvAnoMkI dRSTi meM sAMpradAyika bhAva aura padAbhiniveza mukhyatayA kAma karate haiM taba unake dvArA vAda kathAkA sambhava kama ho jAtA hai| tisa para bhI, jaba unakI dRSTi AbhimAnika ahaM vRttise aura zuSka vAgvilAsakI kutUhala vRttise AvRta ho jAtI hai, taba to unameM jalpa kathAkA bhI sambhava virala ho jAtA hai / madhya yuga aura arvAcIna yugake aneka granthoM meM vitaNDA kathAkA zrAzraya lie jAnekA eka kAraNa uparyukta dRSTibheda bhI hai / brAhmaNa aura upaniSad kAla meM tathA buddha aura mahAvIrake samayameM carcAoMko bharamAra kama na thI, para usa samayake bhAratavarSIya vAtAvaraNameM dhArmikatA, zrAdhyAtmikatA aura cittazuddhikA aisA aura itanA prabhAva avazya thA ki jisase una carcAoM meM vijayecchAkI apekSA satyajJAnakI icchA hI vizeSarUpase kAma karatI thI / yahI sababa hai ki hama usa yugake sAhityameM adhikatara vAda kathAkA hI svarUpa pAte haiN| isake sAtha hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA cAhie ki usa yugake manuSya bhI antameM manuSya hI the| ataeva unameM bhI vijayecchA, sAMpradAyikatA aura ahaMtAkA tattva, anivArya rUpase thor3A bahuta kAma karatA hI thaa| jisase kabhI-kabhI bAda kathAmeM bhI jalpa aura vitaNDAkA tathA jalpa kathAmeM vitaNDAkA jAnate-anajAnate praveza ho hI jAtA thA / itanA hote hue bhI, isa bAtameM koI saMdeha nahIM, ki aMtima rUpameM usa samaya pratiSThA sasyajJAnecchAkI aura vAdakathAkI hI thii| jala aura vitaeDA kathA karanevAloMkI tathA kiso bhI tarahase usakA aAzraya lenevAloMko, utanI pratiSThA nahIM thI jitanI zuddha vAda kathA karanevAloMkI thii| paraMtu, aneka aitihAsika kAraNoMse, uparyukta sthitimeM bar3e joroMse aMtara par3ane lagA / buddha aura mahAvIrake bAda, bhAratameM eka taraphase zastravijayakI vRtti prabala hone lagI aura dUsarI taraphase usake sAtha-hI-sAtha zAstravijayakI vRtti bhI uttarottara prabala hotI clii| sAMpradAyika saMgharSa, jo pahale vidyAsthAna, dharmasthAna aura maThohIkI vastu thI, vaha aba rAja-sabhA taka jA pahu~cA / isa sababase dArzanika vidyAoMke kSetrameM jalpa aura vitaNDAkA praveza adhikAdhika
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________________ 65 hone lagA aura usakI kucha pratiSThA bhI adhika bar3hane lgii| khullamakhullA una logoM kI pUjA aura pratiSThA hone lagI jo 'yena kena prakAreNa' prativAdIko harA sakate the evaM harAte the / aba sabhI saMpradAyavAdiyoMko phikra hone lagI, ki kisI bhI taraha se apane - apane sampradAya ke maMtavyoMkI virodhI sAMpradAyikoM se rakSA karanI cAhie / sAmAnya manuSya meM vijayakI tathA lAbhakhyAti kI icchA sAhajikahI hotI hai| phira usako baDhate hue saMkucita sAMpradAyika bhAvakA sahArA mila jAe, to phira kahanA hI kyA ? jahA~ dekho vahA~ vidyA paDhane - paDhAnekA, tatva carcA karanekA pratiSThita lakSya yaha samajhA jAne lagA, ki jalpa kathAse nahIM to antameM vitaNDA kathAse hI sahI, para prativAdIkA mukha baMda kiyA jAe aura apane sAMpradAyika nizcayoMkI rakSA kI jAya | candragupta aura azoka ke samaya se lekara Age ke sAhitya meM hama jalpa zraurI vitaNDAka tatva pahale kI apekSA kucha adhika spaSTa pAte haiN| IsAkI dUsarI tIsara zatAbdI ke mAne jAnevAle nAgArjuna aura akSapAdakI kRtiyA~ hamAre isa kathanakI sAkSI haiM / nAgArjunakI kRti vigrahavyAvartinI ko lIjie yA mAdhyamikakA - rikAko lIjie aura dhyAnase unakA avalokana kIjie, to patA cala jAegA ki dArzanika cintanameM bAdakI zrADameM, yA vAdakA dAmana pakar3akara usake pIchepIche, jalpa aura vitaNDAkA praveza kisa kadara hone laga gayA thaa| hama yaha to nirNayapUrvaka kabhI kaha nahIM sakate ki nAgArjuna satya - jijJAsAse prerita thA hI nahIM, aura usakI kathA sarvathA vAdakoTise bAhya hai; para itanA to hama nizcayapUrvaka kaha sakate haiM ki nAgArjunakI samagra zailI, jalpa aura vitaNDA kathA itanI najadIka hai ki usakI zailIkA sAdhAraNa abhyAsI, bar3I saralatAse, jalpa aura vitaNDA kathAkI ora lur3haka sakatA hai / akSapAdane apane pratimahattvapUrNa sUtrAtmaka saMgraha prathameM bAda, jalpa aura vitaraDAkA, kevala alaga-alaga lakSaNa hI nahIM batalAyA hai balki una kathAnoM ke adhikArI, prayojana Adi kI pUrI maryAdA bhI sUcita kI hai| niHsaMdeha akSapAdane apane sUtroMmeM jo kucha kahA hai aura jo kucha spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai, vaha kevala unakI kalpanA yA kevala apane samayakI sthitikA citraNa mAtra hI nahIM hai, balki unakA yaha nirUpaNa, atipUrvakAla se calI nAtI huI dArzanika vidvAnoMkI mAnyatAoMkA tathA vidyAke kSetra meM vicaranevAloMkI manodazAkA jIvita pratibimba hai / niHsaMdeha akSapAdakI dRSTi meM vAstavika mahatva to 'vAdakathA' kA hI hai, phira bhI vaha spaSTatA tathA balapUrvaka, yaha bhI mAnyatA prakaTa karatA hai ki kevala -
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________________ 'jalpa' hI nahIM balki 'vitaNDA' takakA bhI Azraya lekara apane tattvajJAnakI tathA apane sampradAyake maMtavyoMkI rakSA karanI caahie| kAMTe bhale hI pheMka dene yogya hoM, phira bhI paudhoMkI rakSAke vAste ve kabhI-kabhI bahuta upAdeya bhI haiM / zrakSapAdane isa dRSTAnta ke dvArA 'jalla' aura 'vitaNDA kathAkA pUrva samayase mAnA jAnevAlA mAtra aucitya hI prakaTa nahIM kiyA hai, balki usane khuda bhI apane sUtroMmeM, kabhI kabhI pUrvapakSIko nirasta karaneke lie, spaSTa yA zraspaSTa rUpase, "jalpa'kA aura kabhI 'vitaNDA' takakA zrAzraya liyA jAna par3atA hai|' manuSyakI sAhajika vijayavRtti aura usake sAtha milI huI sAMpradAyika mohavRtti-ye do kAraNa to dArthanika kSetrameM the hI, phira unheM RSikalpa vidvAnoMke dvArA kiye gae 'jalya' aura 'vitaNDA kathA' ke prayogake samarthanakA sahArA milA, tathA kucha asAdhAraNa vidvAnoM ke dvArA ukta kathAkI zailImeM likhe gae pranthoMkA bhI samarthana milA / aisI sthitimeM phira to kahanA hI kyA thA 1 zrAgameM ghutAhutikI naubata A gii| jahA~ dekho vahA~ akasara dArzanika kSetrameM 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' kA hI bolabAlA zurU huaa| yahA~taka ki eka bAra hI nahIM balki aneka bAra 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' kathAke prayogakA niSedha karanevAle tathA usakA anaucitya batalAnevAle buddhi evaM caritra pragalbha aise khuda bauddha tathA jaina tattvasaMsthApaka vidvAn tathA unake uttarAdhikArI bhI 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' kathAkI zailIse yA usake prayogase bilakula achUte raha na sake / kabhI-kabhI to unhoMne yaha bhI kaha diyA ki yadyapi 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' sarvathA vayaM hai tathApi paristhiti vizeSameM usakA bhI upayoga hai|' isa taraha kathAoMke vidhi-nidheSakI dRSTise, yA kathAzroMkA zrAzraya lekara kI jAnevAlI granthakArakI zailIkI dRSTise, hama dekheM, to hameM spaSTatayA mAlUma par3atA hai ki vAtsyAyana, udyotakara, diGanAga,dharmakIrti, siddhasena, samantabhadra, kumArila, zaMkarAcArya AdikI kRtiyA~ 'zuddha vAdakathA' / ke namUne nahIM haiN| jahA~taka apane-apane saMpradAyakA tathA usakI avAMtara zAkhAoMkA saMbaMdha hai vahA~taka to, unakI kRtiyoMmeM 'vAdakathA' kA tattva surakSita hai, para jaba virodhI saMpradAyake sAtha carcAkA maukA AtA hai taba aise 1. dekho nyAyasUtra, 4. 2. 47 / 2. dekho, u0 yazovijayajIkRta vAdadvAtriMzikA, zlo0, 6 ayameva vidheyastat tattvajJena tpsvinaa| dezAdyapekSAyA'nyo'pi vijJAya gurulAghavam / /
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________________ viziSTa vidvAn bhI, thor3e bahuta pramANameM, vizuddha 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' kathAkI aora nahIM to kamase kama una kathAoMkI zailIkI aora to, avazya hI jhuka jAte haiN| dArzanika vidvAnoMkI yaha manovRtti navIM sadIke bAda ke sAhityameM to aura bhI tIvratara hotI jAtI hai| yahI sababa hai ki hama Ageke tInoM matoMke sAhityameM virodhI saMpradAyake vidvAnoM tathA unake sthApakoM ke prati atyaMta kar3ApanakA tathA tiraskArakA' bhAva pAte haiN| madhya yugake sathA arvAcIna yugake bane hue dArzanika sAhityameM aisA bhAga bahuta bar3A hai jisameM 'vAda'kI apekSA 'jalpakathA'kA hI prAdhanya hai| nAgArjunane jisa 'vikalpajAla' kI pratiSThA kI thI aura bAdake bauddha, vaidika tathA jaina tArkikoMne jisakA poSaNa evaM vistAra kiyA thA, usakA vikasita tathA vizeSa durUha svarUpa hama zrIharSake khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya evaM citsukhAcArya kI citsukho AdimeM pAte haiN| bezaka ye sabhI grantha 'jalpa kathA'kI hI pradhAnatAvAle haiM, kyoMki inameM lekhakakA uddezya svapakSasthApana hI hai, phira bhI ina granthAMkI zailImeM 'vitaNDA' kI chAyA ati spaSTa hai| yoM to 'jalpa' aura 'vitaNDA' kathAke bIcakA antara itanA kama hai ki agara granthakArake manobhAva aura uddezyakI tarapha hamArA dhyAna na jAe, to aneka bAra hama yaha nirNaya hI nahIM kara sakate ki yaha grantha 'jalpa zailI'kA hai, yA vitaNDA zailIkA / jo kucha ho, para uparyukta carcAse hamArA abhiprAya itanA hI mAtra hai ki madhya yuga tathA arvAcIna yugake sAre sAhityameM zuddha vitaNDAzailIke grantha nAmamAtrake haiN| (u) hama dArzanika sAhityakI zailIko saMkSepameM pA~ca vibhAgoMmeM bA~Ta sakate hai (1) kucha grantha aise haiM jinakI zailI mAtra pratipAdanAtmaka hai, jaise 1. isa viSayameM gujarAtImeM likhI huI 'sAmpradAyikatA ane tenA purAvAlonuM digdarzana' nAmaka hamArI lekhamAlA, jo purAtattva, pustaka 4, pR. 166 se zurU hotI hai, dekheN| 2. hetu viDambanopAya abhI chapA nahIM hai| isake kartAkA nAma jJAta nahIM huaa| isakI likhita prati pATaNake kisI bhANDArameM bhI honekA smaraNa hai / isakI eka prati pUnAke bhANDArakara insTiTyUTameM hai jisake Uparase nyAyAcArya paM. mahendrakumArane eka nakala kara lI hai| vahI isa samaya hamAre sammukha hai|
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________________ mAedukyakArikA, sAMkhyakArikA, tasvArthAdhigamasUtra, abhidharmakoSa, prazastapAdabhASya, nyAyapraveza, nyAyavindu Adi / (2) kucha grantha aise haiM jinameM svasaMpradAyake pratipAdanakA bhAga adhika aura anya saMpradAyake khaNDanakA bhAga kama hai-jaise zAbarabhASya / (3) kucha grantha aise haiM jinameM paramatoMkA khaNDana vistArase hai aura svamatakA sthApana thor3e meM haiM, jaise-mAdhyamika kArikA, khaNDanakhaNDakhAdha zrAdi / (4) kucha grantha aise haiM jinameM khaNDana aura maNDana samapramANa hai yA sAtha-hI-sAtha calatA hai, jaise-vAtsyAyana bhASya, mImAMsA zlokavAtika, zAMkarabhASya, pramANavArtika zrAdi / (5) bahuta thor3e para aise graMtha bhI milate haiM jinameM svapakSake pratipAdanakA nAmonizAna taka nahIM hai aura dUsareke mantavyoMkA khaNDana-hI-khaNDana mAtra hai / aise zaddha vaitaNDika zailIke grantha isa samaya hamAre sAmane do haiM----eka prastuta tattvopaplavasiMha aura dUsarA hetuviDambanopAya / isa vivecanAse prastuta tavopaplava granthakI zailIkA dArzanika zailiyoM meM kyA sthAna hai yaha hameM spaSTa mAlUma par3a jAtA hai / ... yadyapi 'takhopaplavasiMha aura 'hetuviDambanopAya' ina donoMkI zailI zuddha khaNDanAtmaka hI hai, phira bhI ina donoMkI zailI meM thor3AsA antara bhI hai jo madhyayugIna aura arvAcInakAlIna zailIke bhedakA spaSTa dyotaka hai| dasavIM zatAbdIke pahaleke dArzanika sAhityameM vyAkaraNa aura alaMkArake pANDityako peTa bharakara vyakta karanekI kRtrima koziza nahIM hotI thI / isI taraha usa yugake vyAkaraNa tathA alaMkAra viSayaka sAhityameM, nyAya evaM dArzanika tattvoMko labAlaba bhara denekI bhI anAvazyaka koziza nahIM hotI thii| jaba ki dasavIM sadIke bAdake sAhityameM hama ukta donoM kozizeM uttarottara adhika parimANameM pAte haiN| dasavIM sadIke bAdakA dArzanika, apane granthakI racanAmeM tathA pratyakSa carcA karanemeM, yaha dhyAna adhikase adhika rakhatA hai, ki usake granthameM aura saMbhASaNameM, vyAkaraNake nava-nava aura jaTila prayogoMko tathA AlaMkArika tatvoMkI vaha adhikase adhika mAtrA kisa taraha dikhA ske| vAdI devasUrikA syAdvAdaratnAkara, zrIharSakA khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya, ratamarADanakI jalpakalpalatA Adi dArzanika grantha ukta vRtti ke namUne haiN| dUsaro taraphase vaiyAkaraNoM aura prAlaMkArikoMmeM bhI eka aisI vRttikA udaya huA, jisase prerita hokara ve nyAyazAstrake navIna tattvoMko evaM jaTila paribhASAoMko
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________________ apane viSayake sUkSma ciMtanameM hI nahIM para prativAdIko cupa karaneke lie bhI kAmameM lAne lge| bArahavIM sadIke gaMgezane 'avacchedakatA', 'prakAratA', 'pratiyogitA' zrAdi navIna paribhASAke dvArA nyAyazAstra ke bAhya tathA Antarika svarUpameM yugAntara upasthita kiyA aura usake uttarAdhikArI maithila evaM baMgAlI tArkikAne usa dizAmeM Azcaryajanaka pragati kii| nyAyazAstrakI isa sUkSma para jaTila paribhASAko tathA vicArasaraNIko vaiyAkaraNoM aura prAlaMkArikoM takane apnaayaa| ve nyAyakI isa navIna paribhASAke dvArA prativAdiyoMko parAsta karanekI bhI vaisI hI koziza karane lage, jaisI kucha dArzanika vidvAn vyAkaraNa aura alaMkArakI camatkRtike dvArA karane lage the| nAgojI bhaTTake zabdenduzekhara zrAdi grantha tathA jagannAtha kavirAjake rasagaMgAdhara Adi grantha navIna nyAyazailIke jIvaMta namUne haiN| yadyapi 'hetu viDambanopAya' kI zailI 'tattvopaplavasiMha' kI zailI jaisI zuddha vaitaNDika hI hai, phira bhI donoMmeM yugabhedakA antara spaSTa hai / tatvopaplavasiMhameM dArzanika vicAroMkI sUkSmatA aura jaTilatA hI mukhya hai, bhASA aura alaMkArakI chaTA usameM vaisI nahIM hai| jaba ki hetuviDambanopAyameM vaiyAkaraNoMke tathA AlaMkArikoMke bhASA-camatkArako AkarSaka chaTA hai| isake sivAya ina donoM granthoMmeM eka antara aura bhI hai jo pratipAdya viSayase saMbaMdha rakhatA hai| tatvApaplavasiMhakA khaNDanamArga samagra tatvoMko lakSyameM rakhakara calA hai, ataeva usameM dArzanika paraMparAoMmeM mAne jAnevAle samasta pramANoMkA eka-eka karake khaNDana kiyA gayA hai, jaba ki hetuviDambanopAyakA khaNDanamArga kevala anumAnake hetuko lakSyameM rakha kara zurU huaA hai, isalie usameM utane khaNDanIya pramANoMkA vicAra nahIM hai jitanoMkA tattvopaplavameM hai / . isake sivAya eka bar3e mahattvakI aitihAsika vastukA bhI nirdeza karanA yahA~ jarUrI hai| tattvopaplavasiMhakA kartA jayarAzi tattvamAtrakA vaitaNDika zailIse khaNDana karatA hai aura apane ko bRhaspatikI paramparAkA batalAtA hai / jaba ki hetuviDambanopAyakA kartA jo koI jaina hai-jaisA ki usake prArambhika bhAgase' spaSTa hai-Astika rUpase apane iSTa devako namaskAra bhI karatA hai. aura kevala khaNDanacAturIko dikhAneke vAste hI hetuviDambanopAyakI racanA ----- 'praNamya zrImadahantaM paramAtmAnamavyayam / hetoviDambanopAyo nirasAyaH pratAyate ||
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________________ 100 karanA batalAtA hai'| jayarAzikA uddezya kevala khaNDanacAturI batalAnekA yA use dUsaroMko sikhAnekA hI nahIM hai balki apanI cArvAka mAnyatAkA eka nayA rUpa pradarzita karanekA bhI hai| isake viparIta hetuviDambanopAyake racayitAkA uddezya apanI kisI paramparAke svarUpakA batalAnA nahIM hai| usakA uddezya sirpha yahI batalAnekA hai ki vivAda karate samaya agara prativAdIko cupa karanA ho to usake sthApita pakSameMse eka sAdhya yA hetuvAkyakI parIkSA karake yA usakA samUla khaNDana karake kisa taraha use cupa kiyA jA sakatA hai / cArvAka darzanameM prastuta granthakA sthAna prastuta grantha cArvAka saMpradAyakA honese isa jagaha isa saMmpradAyake saMbandhameM nIce likhI bAte jJAtavya haiN| (a) cArvAka saMpradAyakA itihAsa (i) bhAratIya darzanoMmeM usakA sthAna (u) cArvAka darzanakA sAhitya (a) purAne upaniSadoMmeM tathA sUtrakRtAGga jaise prAcIna mAne jAnevAle jaina AgamameM bhUtavAdI yA bhUtacaitanyavAdI rUpase cArvAka matakA nirdeza hai / pANini ke sUtra meM zrAnevAlA nAstika zabda bhI anAtmavAdI cArvAka matakA hI sUcaka hai / bauddha dIghanikAyameM bhI bhUtavAdI aura akriyavAdI rUpase do 1. granthakAra zurUmeM hI kahatA hai ki-"iha hi yaH kazcidvipazcit praca. eDaprAmANikaprakANDazreNIziromaNIyamAnaH sarvAGgINAnaNIyaH pramANadhoraNIpraguNIbhavadakhaNDapANDityoDDAmaratAM svAtmani manyamAnaH svAnyAnanyatamasaujanyadhanyatribhuvanamAnyavadAnyagaNAvagaNanAnuguNAnaNutattadbhaNitiraNaraNakararaNanissamAnAbhimAnaH apratihataprasarapravaraniravadyasadyaskAnumAnaparamparAparAbobhavitanistuSa. manISAvizeSonmiSanmanISipariSajjAgratpratyayodagramahIyomahIyasanmAnaH zatamakhagurumukhAdgavimukhatAkArihArisarvatomukhazemuSImukharAsaMkhyasaMkhyAvadvikhyAte parSadiditasamanatarkakarkazavitarkaNapravaNaH prAmANikagrAmaNIH pramANayati tasyAzayasyAhaGkAraprAgbhAratiraskArAya cAruvicAracAsurIgarIyazcaturanaracetazcamaskArAya ca kiJciducyate / " 2. "vijJAnaghana evaitebhyo bhUtebhyaH samutthAya tAnyevAnu vinazyati na pretyasaMjJA astIti'-bRhadAraNyakopaniSad. 4, 12. 3. sUtrakRtAGga, pR. 14, 281 /
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________________ tIrthakoMkA sUcana hai| cANakyake arthazAstra meM lokAyatika matakA nirdeza usI bhUtavAdI darzanakA bodhaka hai| isa taraha 'nAstika' 'bhUtavAdI' 'lokAyatika' 'akriyavAdI' Adi jaise zabda isa saMpradAyake arthameM milate haiN| para usa prAcIna kAlake sAhityameM 'cAka' zabdakA patA nahIM cltaa| cArvAka matakA puraskartA kauna thA isakA bhI patA usa yugake sAhityameM nahIM miltaa| usake puraskartA rUpase bRhaspati, devaguru AdikA jo mantavya pracalita hai yaha saMbhavataH paurANikoMkI kalpanAkA hI phala hai| purANoMmeM cArvAka matake pravartakakA jo varNana hai vaha kitanA sAdhAra hai yaha kahanA kaThina hai| phira bhI purANokA vaha varNana, apanI manoraJjakatA tathA purANoM kI lokapriyatAke kAraNa, janasAdhAraNameM aura vidvAnoMmeM bhI rUDha ho gayA hai; aura saba koI nirvivAda rUpase yahI kahate aura mAnate zrAe haiM ki bRhaspati hI cArvAka matakA puraskartA hai / jahA~ kahIM cArvAka matake nidarzaka vAkya yA sUtra milate haiM vahA~ ve vRhaspati, suraguru Adi nAmake sAtha hI uddhRta kiye hue pAe jAte haiN| () bhAratIya darzanoMko hama saMkSepameM cAra vibhAgoMmeM bA~Ta sakate haiN| 1. indriyAdhipatya pakSa 2. anindriyAdhipatya pakSa 3. ubhayAdhipatya pakSa 4. zrAgamAdhipatya pakSa 1. jisa pakSakA mantavya yaha hai ki pramANa kI sArI zakti indriyoMke Upara hI avalambita hai / mana khuda indriyoMkA anugamana kara sakatA hai para vaha indriyoMkI madada ke sivAya kahIM bhI arthAt jahA~ indriyoMkI pahu~ca na ho vahA~pravRtta hokara saccA jJAna paidA kara hI nahIM sakatA, sacce jJAnakA agara sambhava hai to vaha indriyoMke dvArA hI--yaha hai indriyAdhipatya pakSa / isa pakSameM cArvAka darzana hI samAviSTa hai / isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki cArvAka anumAna yA 1. dekho, dIghanikAya, brahmajAlasutta, pR0 12; tathA sAmaJjaphalamutta pR0 20-21 / 2. viSNupurANa, tRtIyaaMza, adhyAya-17 / kathAke lie dekho sarva darzanasaMgrahakA paM0 zrabhyaMkarazAstrI likhina upodghAta, pR0 132 / 3. tattvopaplava, pR0 45 / 4. tatvopaplavameM bRhaspatiko suruguru bhI kahA hai-pR0 125 / khaNDanakhaNDakhAdyameM bhagavAn suraguruko lokApatika sUtrakA kartA kahA gayA hai-pR.7 /
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________________ 102 zAgdavyavahAra rUpa zrAgama Adi pramANoMko, jo pratidina sarvasiddha vyavahArakI vastu hai, na mAnatA ho; phira bhI cArvAka apaneko jo pratyakSamAtravAdI-indriya pratyakSamAtravAdI kahatA hai, isakA artha itanA hI hai ki anumAna, zabda Adi koI bhI laukika pramANa kyoM na ho, para usakA prAmANya indriya pratyakSake saMvAdake sivAya kabhI sambhava nahIM / arthAt indriya pratyakSase bAdhita nahIM aimA koI bhI jJAnavyApAra yadi pramANa kahA jAe to isameM cArvAkako Apatti nhiiN| 2. anindriyake anta:karaNa-mana, citta aura AtmA aise tIna artha phalita hote haiM, jinameMse cittarUpa anindriyakA Adhipatya mAnanevAlA anindriyAdhipatya pakSa hai / isa pakSameM vijJAnavAda, zUnyavAda aura zAGkaravedAntakA samAveza hotA hai| isa pakSake anusAra yathArthajJAnakA sambhava vizuddha cittake dvArA hI mAnA jAtA hai| yaha pakSa indriyoMkI satyajJAnajananazaktikA sarvathA inkAra karatA hai aura kahatA hai ki indriyA~ vAstavika jJAna karAne meM paMgu hI nahIM balki dhokhebAja bhI avazya haiN| inake mantavyakA niSkarSa itanA hI hai ki citta-khAsakara dhyAnazuddha sAttvika cittase bAdhita yA usakA saMvAda prAsa na kara sakanevAlA koI jJAna pramANa ho hI nahIM sakatA, cAhe vaha phira bhale hI lokavyavahArameM pramANa rUpase mAnA jAtA ho / 3. ubhayAdhipatya pakSa vaha hai jo cArvAkakI taraha indriyoMko hI saba kucha mAnakara indriya nirapekSa manakA asAmadhye svIkAra nahIM karatA; aura na indriyoMko hI paMgu yA dhAkhebAja mAnakara kevala anindriya yA cittakA hI sAmarthya svIkAra karatA hai / yaha pakSa mAnatA hai ki cAhe manakI madadase hI sahI, para indriyA~ guNasampanna ho sakatI haiM aura vAstavika jJAna paidA kara sakatI haiN| isI taraha yaha pakSa yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki indriyoMkI madada jahA~ nahIM hai vahA~ bhI anindriya yathArtha jJAna karA sakatA hai| isIse ise ubhayAdhipatya pakSa kahA hai| isameM sAMkhya-yoga, nyAya-vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka zrAdi darzanoMkA samAveza hai| sAMkhya-yoga indriyoMkA sAdguNya mAna kara bhI antaHkaraNakI svataMtra yathArthazakti mAnatA hai / nyAya-vaizeSika Adi bhI manakI vaisI hI zakti mAnate haiN| para pharka yaha hai ki sAMkhya-yoga AtmAkA svataMtra pramANasAmarthya nahIM maante| kyoMki ve pramANasAmarthya buddhimeM hI mAna kara puruSa yA cetanako niratizaya mAnate haiM: jaba ki nyAya-vaizeSika zrAdi, cAhe IzvarakI zrAtmAkA hI sahI, para zrAtmAkA svatantra pramANasAmarthya mAnate haiN| arthAt ve zarIra-manakA abhAva honepara bhI IzvarameM jJAnazakti mAnate haiN| vaibhASika aura sautrAntika
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________________ 103 bhI isI pakSa ke antargata haiM, kyoMki ve bhI indriya aura mana donoMkA pramANasAmarthya mAnate haiM / 4. AgamAdhipacya pakSa vaha hai jo kisI-na-kisI viSaya meM zrAgamake sivAya kisI indriya yA anindriyakA pramANasAmarthya svIkAra nahIM krtaa| yaha pakSa kevala pUrvamImAMsAkA ho hai / yadyapi vaha anya viSayoM meM sAMkhyayogAdikI taraha ubhayAdhipatya pakSakA ho anugAmI hai, phira bhI dharma aura adharma ina do viSayoMmeM vaha Agama mAtrakA hI sAmarthya mAnatA hai / yoM to vedAnta ke anusAra brahmake viSaya meM bhI AgamakA hI prAdhAnya hai; phira bhI vaha zrAgamAdhipatya pakSa meM isalie nahIM A sakatA ki brahma viSaya meM dhyAnazuddha antaHkaraNa kA bhI sAmarthya use mAnya hai / isa taraha, cArvAka mAnyatA indriyAdhipatya pakSakI anuvartinI hI sarvatra mAnI jAtI hai / phira bhI prastuta grantha usa mAnyatA ke viSayameM eka nayA prasthAna upasthita karatA hai / kyoMki isameM indriyoMkI yathArthajJAna utpanna karanekI zaktikA bhI khaNDana kiyA gayA hai aura laukika pratyakSa taka ko bhI pramANa mAnane se inkAra kara diyA hai / ataeva prastuta granthake abhiprAya se cArvAka mAnyatA do vibhAgoM meM ba~Ta jAtI hai / pUrvakAlIna mAnyatA indriyAdhipatya pakSa meM jAtI hai, aura jayarAzikI naI mAnyatA pramANopaplava pakSa meM AtI hai / ( u ) cArvAka mAnyatA kA koI pUrvavartI grantha akhaNDa rUpase upalabdha nahIM hai / anya darzana granthoM meM pUrvapakSa rUpase cArvAka matake mantavya ke sAtha kahIMkahIM jo kucha vAkya yA sUtra uddhRta kiye hue milate haiM, yahI usakA eka mAtra sAhitya hai / yaha bhI jAna par3atA hai ki cAvaki mAnyatAko vyavasthita rUpase likhanevAle vidvAn zAyada hue hI nahIM / jo kucha bRhaspatine kahA usIkA chinnabhinna aMza usa paramparAkA eka mAtra prAcIna sAhitya kahA jA sakatA hai / usI sAhitya ke zrAdhAra para purANoM meM bhI cArvAka matako pallavita kiyA gayA hai / AThavIM sadIke jainAcArya haribhadrake baDdarzanasamuccaya meM aura terahavIM-caudahavIM sadI ke mAdhavAcAryaM kRta sarvadarzanasaMgraha meM cArvAka matake varNana ke sAtha kucha pa uddhRta milate haiN| para jAna par3atA hai, ki ye saba padya, kisI cAkAcAryakI kRti na hokara, aura aura vidvAnoMke dvArA cArvAka mata varNana rUpase ve samaya-samaya para bane hue haiM / isa taraha cArvAka darzanake sAhitya meM prastuta granthakA sthAna bar3e mahatvakA hai / kyoMki yaha eka hI grantha hameM aisA upalabdha hai jo cArvAka mAnyatAkA khaNDa grantha kahA jA sakatA hai|
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________________ 104 viSaya paricaya prastuta granthameM kisa-kisa viSayakI carcA hai aura vaha kisa prakAra kI gaI hai isakA saMkSipta paricaya prApta karaneke lie nIce likhI bAtoM para thor3AsA prakAza DAlanA jarUrI hai| (1) granthakArakA uddezya aura usakI siddhike vAste usake dvArA ava laMbita mArga | (2) kina-kina darzanoMke aura kina-kina aAcAryoM ke sammata pramANalakSa NoMkA khaNDanIya rUpase nirdeza hai / (3) kina-kina darzanoMke kauna-kaunase prameyoMkA prAsaMgika khaNDanake vAste nirdeza hai| (4) pUrvakAlIna aura samakAlIna kina-kina vidvAnoMkI kRtiyoMse khaNina sAmagrI lI huI jAna par3atI hai| (5) usa khaNDana-sAmagrIkA apane abhipretakI siddhimeM granthakArane kisa taraha upayoga kiyA hai| (1) hama pahale hI kaha cuke haiM ki granthakArakA uddezya, samagna darzanoMko choTI-bar3I sabhI mAnyatAaoMkA ekamAtra khaNDana karanA hai| granthakArane yaha socakara ki saba darzanoMke abhimata samagra tatvoMkA eka-eka karake khaNDana karanA saMbhava nahIM; taba yaha vicAra kiyA hogA ki aisA kauna mArga hai jisakA saralatAse avalambana ho sake aura jisake avalambanase samaya tattvoMkA khaNDana Apa-hI-zrApa siddha ho jaae| isa vicArameMse granthakArako apane uddezyakI siddhikA eka amogha mArga sUjha par3A, aura vaha yaha ki anya saba bAtaki khaNDanakI ora mukhya lakSya na dekara kevala pramANakhaNDana hI kiyA jAe, jisase pramANake AdhArase siddha kiye jAnevAle anya saba tattva yA prameya apane Apa hI khaNDita ho ske| jAna par3atA hai granthakArake manameM jaba yaha nirNaya sthira bana gayA taba phira usane saba darzanoMke abhimata pramANalakSaNoMke khaNDanakI taiyArI kii| granthake prArambhameM hI vaha apane isa bhAvako spaSTa zabdoMmeM vyakta karatA hai / vaha sabhI pramANa prameyavAdI dArzanikoMko lalakAra kara kahatA hai' ki-'bhApa loga jo pramANa aura prameyakI vyavasthA mAnate haiM usakA 1. 'zratha kathaM tAni na santi 1 taducyate-sallakSaNanibandhana mAnavyavasthAnam, mAnanibandhanA ca meyasthitiH, tadabhAve tayoH sadvyavahAraviSayatvaM katham 1........ityAdi / takhopaplava, pR0 1. /
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________________ 105 prAdhAra hai pramANakA yathArtha lakSaNa / parantu vicAra karane para jaba koI pramANakA lakSaNa hI nirdoSa siddha nahIM hotA taba usake AdhAra para batalAI jAnevAlI pramANa prameyakI vyavasthA kaise-mAno jA sakatI hai ? aisA kahakara, vaha phira eka eka karake pramANa lakSaNakA kramazaH khaNDana karanA prAraMbha karatA hai| isI taraha granthake antameM bhI usane apane isa nirNIta mArgako doharAyA hai aura usakI saphalatA bhI sUcita kI hai / usane spaSTa zabdoMmeM kahA hai ki-'jaba koI pramANalakSaNa hI ThIka nahIM banatA taba saba tattva Apa hI Apa bAdhita yA prasiddha ho jAte haiM / aisI dazAmeM bAdhita tattvoke AdhArapara calAye jAnevAle saba vyavahAra vastutaH avicAraramaNIya hI haiN|' arthAt zAstrIya aura laukika athavA ihalaukika aura pAralaukika-saba pravRttiyoM kI sundaratA sirpha avicArahetuka hI hai| vicAra karanepara ve saba vyavahAra nirAdhAra siddha honeke kAraNa nirjIva jaise zobhAhIna haiN| granthakArane apane nirNayake anusAra yadyapi dArzanikoMke abhimata pramANa lakSaNoM kI hI khaNDanIya rUpase mImAMsA zurU kI hai aura usIpara usakA jora hai; phira bhI vaha bIca-bIcameM pramANalakSaNoMke alAvA kucha anya prameyoMkA bhI khaNDana karatA hai| isa taraha pramANalakSaNoMke khaNDanakA dhyeya rakhanevAle isa granthameM thor3ese anya prameyoMkA bhI khaNDana milatA hai| (2)nyAya, mImAMsA, sAMkhya, bauddha, caiyAkaraNa aura paurANika ina chaha darzanoMke abhimata lakSaNoMko, granthakArane khaNDanIya rUpase liyA hai| inamaise kucha lakSaNa aise haiM jo pramANasAmAnyake haiM aura kucha aise haiM jo vizeSa vizeSa pramANake haiM | pramANasAmAnyake lakSaNa sirpha mImAMsA aura bauddha-ina do darzanoMke liye gara haiN| mImAMsAsammata pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa jo granthakArane liyA hai vaha kumArilakA mAnA jAtA hai, phira mI isameM saMdeha nahIM ki vaha lakSaNa pUrvavartI zranya mImAMsakoMko bhI mAnya rahA hogaa| granthakArane bauddha darzanake pramANasAmAnya saMbaMdhI do lakSaNa carcA ke liye haiN| jo pragaTa rUpase dharmakIrtike mAne jAte haiM, para jinakA mUla diGnAgake vicArameM bhI avazya hai| vizeSa pramANoMke lakSaNa jo granthameM pAe haiM ve nyAya, mImAMsA, sAMkhya, bauddha, paurANika aura vaiyAkaraNoMke haiM / 1 dekho pR. 22 aura 27 / 2 dekho, pR0 27 aura 28 /
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________________ 106 nyAya darzanake pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama ina cAroM pramANoMke vizeSa lakSaNa granthameM Ae haiM aura ve akSapAda ke nyAyasUtrake haiN| sAMkhya darzanake vizeSa pramANoMmeMse kevala pratyakSakA hI lakSaNa liyA gayA hai,2 jo IzvarakRSNakA na hokara vArSagaNyakA hai| cauddha darzana pratyakSa aura anumAna ina do pramANoMko hI mAnatA hai / granthakArane usake donoM pramANoM ke lakSaNa carcAke vAste lie haiM jo-jaisA ki hamane Upara kahA hai--dharmakIrtike haiM, para jinakA mUla diGnAgake granthAmeM bhI milatA hai| mImAMsA darzanake prasiddha prAcArya do haiM--kumArila aura prabhAkara / prabhAkarako pA~ca pramANa iSTa haiM, para kumArilako chaha / prastuta granthameM kumArilake chahoM pramANoM kI mIsAMsAkI gaI hai, aura isameM prabhAkara sammata pA~ca pramANoMkI mImAMsA bhI samA jAtI hai| paurANika vidvAna mImAMsA sammata chaha pramANoMke alAvA aitihya aura sambhava nAmaka do aura pramANa mAnate haiM jinakA nirdeza akSapAdake sUtroM takameM bhI hai-ve bhI prastuta granthameM liye gae haiN|" vaiyAkaraNoM ke abhimata 'vAcakapada' ke lakSaNa aura 'sAdhupada' kI unakI vyAkhyAkA bhI isa granthameM khaNDanIya rUpase nirdeza milatA hai / yaha sambhavataH bhaharike dhAkyapadIyase liyA gayA hai| (3) yoM to granthameM prasaMgavaza aneka vicAroM kI carcA kI gaI hai.jinakA yahA~para savistara varNana karanA zakya nahIM hai, phira bhI unameMse kucha vicAroMvastuoMkA nirdeza karanA zrAvazyaka hai, jisase yaha jAnanA sarala ho AegA, ki kauna-kaunasI vastue~, amuka darzanako mAnya aura anya darzanoMko amAnya honeke kAraNa, dArzanika kSetrameM khaNDana-maNDanakI viSaya banI huI haiM, aura 1. dekho, pR0 27,54,112,115 | 2. pR061| 3. pR0 32, 83 / 4. 58, 82 106, 112, 116 / 5.pR0 113 / 6. nyAyasUtra-2. 2. 1. 7. pR0 111 / 8.pR0 120 /
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________________ 107 granthakArane dArzanikoMke usa pArasparika khaNDana-maNDanakI carcAse kisa taraha phAyadA uThAyA hai / ve vastue~ ye haiM jAti, samavAya, Alambana, atathyatA, tathyatA, smRtipramoSa, sannikarSa, viSayadvaividhya, kalpanA, aspaSTatA, spaSTatA, santAna, hetuphalabhAva, AtmA, kaivalya, anekAnta, avayavI, bAhyArthavilopa, kSaNabhaGga, nirhetukavinAza, varNa, pada, sphoTa aura apauruSeyatva / inameM se 'jAti', 'samavAya', 'sannikarSa', 'avayavI', AtmAke sAtha sukhaduHkhAdikA saMbandha, zabdakA anityatva, kAryakAraNabhAva-zrAdi aise padArtha haiM jinako naiyAyika aura vaizeSika mAnate haiM, aura jinakA samarthana unhoMne apane granthoM meM bahuta bala tathA vistArapUrvaka karake virodhI matoMke mantavyakA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai / parantu ve hI padArtha sAMkhya, bauddha, jaina Adi darzanoMko usa rUpameM bilakula mAnya nahIM / ataH una-una darzanoM meM ina padArthoMkA, ati vistArake sAtha khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / 'smRtipramoSa' mImAMsaka prabhAkarakI apanI nijakI mAnyatA hai, jisakA khaNDana naiyAyika, bauddha aura jaina vidvAnoM ke atirikta svayaM mahAmImAMsaka kumArilake anugAmiyoM takane, khUba vistArake sAtha kiyA hai / 'apauruSeyatva' yaha mImAMsaka mAnyatAkI svIya vastu honese usa darzanameM isakA ati vistRta samarthana kiyA gayA hai; para naiyAyika, bauddha, jaina Adi darzanoM meM isakA utane hI vistArase khaNDana pAyA jAtA hai| 'anekAnta jaina darzanakA mukhya mantavya hai jisakA samarthana sabhI jaina tArkikoMne bar3e utsAhase kiyA hai| paraMtu bauddha, naiyAyika, vedAnta zrAda darzanoMmeM usakA vaisA hI pravala khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| 'aAtma kaivalya' jisakA samarthana sAMkhya aura vedAnta donoM apane DhaMgase karate haiN| lekina bauddha, naiyAyika zrAdi anya sabhI dArzanika usakA khaNDana karate haiN| 'varNa', 'pada' 'sphoTa' Adi zabdazAstra viSayaka vastuaoMkA samarthana jisa DhaMgase vaiyAkaraNoMne kiyA hai usa DhaMgakA, tathA kabhI-kabhI una vastutroMkA hI, bauddha, naiyAyika Adi anya tArkikoMne balapUrvaka khaNDana kiyA hai| ___'kSaNikatva', 'saMtAna', 'viSayadvitva', 'spaSTatA-aspaSTatA', 'nirhetukavinAza', 'bAhyArthavilopa', 'zrAlambana', 'hetuphalasaMbaMdha', 'kalpanA','tathyatAatathyatA' zrAdi padArtha aise haiM jinameM se kucha to sabhI bauddha paraMparAoMmeM, aura kucha kisI-kisI paramparAmeM, mAnya hokara jinakA samarthana bauddha vidvAnoMne bar3e
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________________ 106 prayAsase kiyA hai; para naiyAyika, mImAMsaka, jaina zrAdi anya dArzanikoMne unhIMkA khaNDana karane meM apanA bar3A bauddhika parAkrama dikhalAyA hai / (4) yaha khaNDana sAmagrI, nimnalikhita dArzanika sAhitya parase lI gaI jAna par3atI hai nyAya-vaizeSika darzanake sAhityameMse akSapAdakA nyAyasUtra, vAtsyAyana bhASya, nyAyavartika, vyomavatI aura nyAyamaMjarI / mImAMsaka sAhityake zlokavArtika aura bRhatI nAmaka graMthoMkA Azraya liyA jAna par3atA hai| bauddha sAhityameMse pramANavArtika, saMbaMdhaparIkSA, sAmAnyaparIkSA Adi dharmakIrtike granthoMkA; tathA prajJAkara, dharmottara zrAdi dharmakIrtike ziSyoMkI kI huI una granthoM kI vyAkhyAoMkA Azraya liyA jAna par3atA hai| vyAkaraNa zAstrIya sAhityameMse vAkyapadIyakA upayoga kiyA huA jAna par3atA hai| ___ jaina sAhityameMse pAtrasvAmi yA akalaMkakI kRtiyoMkA upayoga kiye jAnekA saMbhava hai| (5) jayarAzine apane adhyayana aura mananase, bhinna-bhinna dArzanikapramANake svarUpake viSayameM tathA dUsare padArthoM ke viSayameM, kyA-kyA matabheda rakhate haiM aura ve kina-kina muddoMke Upara eka dUsarekA kisa-kisa taraha khaNDana karate haiM, yaha saba jAnakara, usane una virodhI dArzanikoMke granthoMmeMse bahuta kucha khaNDana sAmagrI saMgrahIta kI aura phira usake AdhArapara kisI eka darzanake mantavyakA khaNDana, dUsare virodhI darzanoMkI kI huI yuktiyoM ke AdhAra para kiyA; aura usI taraha, phira antameM dUsare virodhI darzanoMke mantavyoMkA khaNDana, pahale virodhI darzanakI dI huI yuktiyoMse kiyA / udAharaNArtha-jaba naiyAyikoMkA khaNDana karanA huA, taba bahuta karake bauddha aura mImAMsakake granthoMkA Azraya liyA gayA, aura phira bauddha, aura mImAMsaka zrAdike sAmane naiyAyika aura jaina Adiko bhir3A diyA gyaa| purANoMmeM yaduvaMzake nAzake bAremeM kathA hai ki madyapAnake nazeme unmatta hokara sabhI yAdava aApasameM eka dUsarese lar3e aura mara miTe / jayarAzine dArzanikoM ke mantavyoMkA yahI hAla dekhaa| ve sabhI mantavya dUsareko parAjita karane aura apaneko vijayI siddha karaneke lie jalpakathAke akhAr3epara lar3aneko utare hue the / jayarAzine dArzanikoMke usa jalpavAdamese apane vitaNDAvAdakA mArga bar3I saralatAse nikAla liyA aura dArzanikoMkI khapaDanasAmagrIse unhIMke tatvoMkA upaplava siddha kara diyA /
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________________ 106 yadyapi jayarAzikI yaha paddhati koI naI vastu nahIM hai-aMzarUpameM to vaha sabhI madhyakAlIna aura arvAcIna darzana granthoM meM vidyamAna hai, para isameM vizeSatva yaha hai ki maha jayarAzikI khaNDanapaddhati sarvatomukhI aura sarvavyApaka hokara nirapekSa hai| upasaMhAra yadyapi yaha tattvopaplava eka mAtra khaNDanapradhAna grantha hai, phira bhI isakA aura tarahase bhI upayoga Adhunika vidvAnoMke lie kartavya hai| udAharaNArtha-jo loga dArzanika zabdoMkA koza yA saMgraha karanA cAheM aura aise pratyeka zabdake saMbhavita anekAneka artha bhI khojanA cAheM, unake lie yaha grantha eka banI banAI sAmagrI hai| kyoMki jayarAzine apane samaya takake dArzanika granthoM meM prasiddha aise sabhI pAribhASika dArzanika zabdoMkA viziSTa DhaMgase prayoga kiyA hai aura sAtha hI sAtha 'kalpanA', smRti' zrAdi jaise pratyeka zabdoMke sabhI pracalita aA~kA nidarzana bhI kiyA hai / ataeva yaha tasvopaplava grantha zrAdhunika vidvAnoMke vAste eka viziSTa adhyayanakI vastu hai | isa parase dArzanika vicAraoNkI tulanA karane tathA unake aitihAsika kramavikAsako jAnane ke lie aneka prakArakI bahuta kucha sAmagrI mila sakatI hai| I0 1641] [bhAratIya vidyA