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________________ prAkRta boliyoM kI sArthakatA - DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina garuDapurANa (pUrva khaNDa, 98.17) meM kahA gayA hai| lokAyataM kutakaM ca prAkRtaM mlecchabhASitam / na zrotavyaM dvijenaMtat adho nathati tad dvijam // lokAyata (= cArvAka), kutarka aura mlecchoM dvArA bolI jAne vAlI prAkRta brAhmaNa ko sunanA ThIka nahIM-ye use adhogati ko le jAte haiN| isa para se kucha loga prAkRta ko mleccha-bhASita mAnakara usakI garhaNA karate haiM / lekina dekhA jAya to koI bhI bhASA prazaMsanIya athavA garhaNIya nahIM hai| bhASAvijJAna meM, bhASAoM ke vikAsakrama meM, sabakA apanA-apanA sthAna nirdhArita hai| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai : pahalA yuga prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kA hai jo IsA pUrva 2000 se lekara IsA pUrva 600 yA 500 taka calatA hai| dUsarA yuga madhyakAlIna AryabhASAoM kA hai jo IsA pUrva chaThI yA pAMcavIM zatAbdI se IsA kI 10 vIM yA 11 vIM zatAbdI taka calatA hai; tIsarA yuga aAdhunika prAryabhASAoM kA hai, jo IsA kI 10 vIM yA 11 vIM zatAbdI se lekara Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAyoM taka calatA hai| saMskRta kA Adhipatya kahanA na hogA ki jaba se bhAratIya bhASAzAstra ke asAdhAraNa manoSI pANini (IsA pUrva 5vIM zatAbdI) ne apanI aSTAdhyAyI ke sUtroM meM saMskRta vyAkaraNa ko sameTa kara, bhASA ko susaMskRta banAyA tabhI se saMskRta ko bhAratIya sAhitya meM gaurava kA sthAna prApta hmaa| kAlakrama se isa bhASA meM darzana, nyAya, kAvya, vyAkaraNa, koza, jyotiSa, vaidyaka Adi sambandhI sAhitya kA nirmANa hone lgaa| kAlAntara meM saMskRta itanI lokapriya huI ki isake samakSa anya bhASAyeM prabhAvahIna pratIta hone lgiiN| udAharaNa ke lie, IsavI san 900 ke aAsapAsa, nRtya para AdhArita kevala prAkRta meM likhe jAne vAle saTTakoM kI racanA huI, kintu saMskRta ke prabhAva ke kAraNa athavA saMskRta meM rUpAntarita hone ke kAraNa unakA astitva hI zeSa na rahA / yAyAvaravaMzIya suprapriddha rAjazekhara ne karpUramaMjarI Adi saTTakoM kA praNayana kara yaza kA sampAdana kiyaa| kintu ulekhanIya hai ki IsA kI nauMvIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa saMskRta kA prabhAva itanA bar3ha gayA thA ki rAjazekhara ko apane bAlarAmAyaNa nATaka ke prAkRta aMzoM ko saMskRta chAyA dvArA samajhAne kI ceSTA karanI pdd'ii| ullekhanIya hai ki vartamAna meM bhI saMskRta nATakoM meM prAkRta aMzoM kI saMskRta chAyA chapI rahatI hai aura saMskRta ke adhyApaka prAyaH usIke AdhAra se vidyArthiyoM ko prAkRta kA jJAna karAte haiN|
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________________ prAkRta boliyoM kI sArthakatA | 247 pAzcAtya vidvAnoM dvArA prAkRta kA adhyayana 1 pAzcAtya vidvAnoM, vizeSakara jarmana vidvAnoM kA, hameM RNI honA cAhie jinhoMne sarvaprathama prAkRta boliyoM kA prAdhunika DhaMga se vaijJAnika adhyayana prastuta kiyA, khAsa kara usa yuga meM jabaki prAkRta granthoM kI kevala hastalikhita pAMDulipiyAM hI upalabdha thiiN| isa saMbaMdha meM Ala brazta vebara, harmana yAkobI, hoga, kaoNvela, ricarDa prizala, haoNrnela Adi ke nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai / sarvaprathama AlabarTa hoephara ne De Prakrita dialecto libri duo ( prAkRta boliyA~, do bhAgoM meM balina 1836) pustaka kA prakAzana kiyaa| lagabhaga isI samaya 1837 meM kristiena lA rasena kI Institutiones Linguae Prakriticae racanA prakAzita huI jisameM prAkRta boliyoM ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI ekatrita kI gii| isa kSetra meM lazta vebara ne mahArASTrI, ardhamAgadhI aura apabhraMza boliyoM para sarAhanIya kArya kiyaa| eDavarDa myUlara ne ardhamAgadhI para kArya kiyaa| tatpazcAt vevara ke pratibhAzAlI ziSya yAkobI ne jaina mahArASTrI kA dhyayana prastuta kiyaa| Ausgeweto Erzelungen in Maharastri (mahArASTrI se cunI huI kahAniyA~) meM jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta kayAdhoM kA sampA dana kara use bhASANAstrIya TippaNiyoM se sajjita kiyaa| tatpazcAt I. bI. kaoNvela ne vararucikRta prAkRtaprakAza ko 1854 meM prakAzita kiyA / isI kA dvitIya saMskaraNa aMgrejI anuvAda aura TippaNiyoM tathA bhAmaha kI TIkA ke sAtha 1860 meM prakAzita huA kaoNvela mahodaya ne 1875 meM vararuci ke prAkRta prakAza para AdhArita 'e zaoNrTa inTroDakzana TU da praoNrDinarI prAkRta praoNva da saMskRta DrAmAja vida e lisTa graoNva kaoNmana irregulara prAkRta va sa' pustaka prakAzita kI hoga ne Vergleichurg des Prakrita mit den Romanischen spracher ( romana bhASAtroM ke sAtha prAkRta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ) nAmaka pustaka kA 1869 meM prakAzana kiyA jisameM prAkRta tathA spainiza, porcugIja phreMca aura itAlavI yAdi bhASAoM ke rUpoM meM samAna dhvani parivartana ke niyamoM kI tulanA kI gii| e. epha. hoernale ne prAkRta bhASAvijJAna ke sAmAnya sarvekSaNa ke itihAsa para kArya kiyA / sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA ricarDa pizala ne jinhoMne aprakAzita hastalikhita prAkRta granthoM ke gambhIra adhyayana ke pazcAt 1874 meM Grammatik der Prakrit Sprachen ( prAkRta bhASAoMoM kA vyAkaraNa ); subhadra bhA dvArA Comparative Grammar of the Prakrat Languages nAma se 1957 meM aMgrejI meM tathA hemacanda jozI dvArA 'prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa' (zIrSaka ke antargata bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA dvArA 1950 meM hindI meM prakAzita ) nAmaka mahattvapUrNa racanA prastuta kii| kahanA na hogA ki isa racanA meM prAkRta bhASAtroM ke svarUpa nirNaya ke lie Avazyaka prAcInatama jaina Agama aura una para likhI gaI prAcIna vyAkhyAoM evaM hAla meM prakAzita jaina kathA - sAhitya Adi se saMbaMdhita mahattvapUrNa racanAoM ko sammilita nahIM kiyA 1 1. durbhAgya se hindI ke isa saMskaraNa meM bahuta sI azuddhiyA~ raha gaI haiN| aDasaTha pattoM kA zuddhAzuddhi patra anta meM diyA gayA hai, phira bhI jaina AgamoM ke prayogoM evaM pAThoM kI kAphI azuddhiyA~ dekhane meM bhAtI hai| dekhiye 'jJAnAMjali' (pUjya muni zrI puSyavijaya jI abhivAdana grantha, 1969) meM, hindI vibhAga ke antargata muni puNyavijaya jI dvArA likhita 'jaina Agamadhara aura prAkRta vAG maya' pR0 58-61 / dhagyo dIyo saMsAra samudra meM dharma hI dIpa hai w.dainelibrary.org
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________________ caturtha khaNDa / 248 gayA hai| aisI hAlata meM prAkRta bhASAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane kA prAdhunikatama kArya abhI bAkI hai| isa sUcI meM luDaviga pAlsaDorpha kA nAma jor3a denA anucita na hogaa| unhoMne saMghadAsagaNi vAcaka dvArA prAcIna mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita vasudeva hiMDi kA bhASA zAstrIya adhyayana karane ke pazcAt 'da vasudeva hiDi : e spesImena oNva Arkeka jaina mahArASTrI' nAmaka eka mahattvapUrNa lekha 'buleTina oNva da skUla praoNva poriTiyela sTaDIja' (jilda 8, 1936) meM prakAzita kiyaa| isa vidvattApUrNa lekha meM pAlsaDorpha ne vasudeva hiMDi meM prayukta bhASA ke vilakSaNa prayogoM ko prAkRtabhASA ke vikAsa ke prAcInatama stara se saMbaMdhita batAyA hai|' prAkRta boliyoM kI prAdezikatA saMghadAsa gaNi kSamAzramaNakRta bRhatkalpabhASya meM janapadaparIkSA-prakaraNa meM batAyA gayA hai ki padacaryA dvArA deza-deza meM vihAra karane vAle jaina zramaNoM ko cAhiye ki ve vibhinna dezoM meM bolI jAne vAlI boliyoM meM kuzalatA prApta kareM, aisA karane para hI ve jana sAmAnya ko apane dharmopadeza dvArA lAbhAnvita kara sakane meM samartha ho sakate haiN| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki mahAvIra aura buddha ne bhI IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM paMDitoM dvArA mAnya ziSTa saMskRta bhASA meM apanA dharmopadeza na dekara, jana-sAdhAraNa dvArA grAhya prAkRta bolI ko hI mAnya kiyA thaa| donoM hI kI dhArmika evaM sAmAjika pravRttiyoM kA kendra magadha thA, ataeva donoM ne hI magadha meM bolI jAne vAlI mAgadhI ko apane-apane dharmopadeza ke liye upayukta svIkAra kiyaa| Arya loga vedagranthoM ko pavitra nidhi mAnate the, ataeva vaidika RcAoM kA ThIka-ThIka uccAraNa karanA parama Avazyaka thaa| ina RcAroM kA yathAvasthita uccAraNa na kiye jAne para-akSara, mAtrA, pada aura svara kI kamI raha jAne para-devatAgaNoM ke aprasanna ho jAne se mantroccAraNakartA kI mana:kAmanA ke apUrNa raha jAne kA aMdezA banA rahatA thA / ataeva vedasaMhitA kI maulikatA kI rakSA ke liye zikSA, chanda, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, jyotiSa aura kalpa nAmaka vedAMgoM kI racanA kI gaI, zikSA aura vyAkaraNa meM uccAraNa kI zuddhatA para jora diyA gyaa| usa kAla meM bar3e-bar3e RSiyoM ke mukha se bhI maMtroccAraNa ke azuddha prayoga sunAI par3a jAte the| aisI hAlata meM prAtizAkhya aura vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana ko pramukha mAnA gyaa| inhIM paristhitiyoM meM jaisA kahA cukA hai ki pANini ne vyAkaraNa ke sUtroM kA nirmANa kara bhASAvijJAna ke kSetra meM asAdhAraNa kArya sampanna kiyaa| unhoMne anagar3ha vaidika bhASA ko parimAjita evaM saMzodhita karake use suvyavasthita rUpa diyA, aura saMskArita hone ke kAraNa yaha bhASA saMskRta nAma se abhihita kI gii| prAkRta ke saMbaMdha meM yaha bAta nahIM thI / prAkRta kA vyAkaraNasammata artha hotA hai prakRtijanya, arthAt svabhAvasiddha, janasAmAnya dvArA vyavahAra meM lAI jAne vAlI / IsA kI 11vIM zatAbdI ke jaina vidvAna nami sAdhu ne rudraTa ke kAvyAlaMkAra (2.12) para TIkA karate hue likhA hai 1. vasudeva hiMDi ke adhyayana ke lie dekhiye jagadIzacandra jaina 'da vAsudevahiMDi-aina oNtheNTika jaina varjana praoNva da bRhatkathA', 1977
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________________ prAkRta boliyoM kI sArthakatA | 249 "prAkRteti / sakalajagajjantUnAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitasaMskAraH sahajo vacanavyApAraH prakRtiH, tatra bhavaM saiva vA prAkRtam / vA prAka pUrvakRtaM prAkkRtaM bAlamahilAdisubodhaM sakalabhASAnibaMdhanabhUtaM vacanamucyate / " ---prAkRta zabda kA artha hai vyAkaraNa Adi ke saMskAra se vihIna svAbhAvika vacana kA vyApAra, usase jo utpanna ho; athavA vahI prAkRta hai....athavA jo pahale ho use prAkRta kahate haiM, jo bAlaka, mahilA prAdi ke liye subodha ho, yaha samasta bhASAnoM kI mUla hai|" bharata ke nATyazAstra (18.2) meM prAkRta ko bhASA kA apabhraSTa rUpa kahA hai jo saMskAraguNa se vajita hai, aura jise aneka avasthAnoM se gujaranA par3atA hai (nAnAvasthAntarAtmaka) / isase bhI prAkRta boliyoM kI prAdezikatA dhvanita hotI hai| ullekhanIya hai ki 12vIM zatAbdI ke hemacandra Adi katipaya purAtana vidvAn prakRti kA artha prAkRtika athavA svabhAvasiddha na mAnakara, saMskRta karate haiM aura prAkRta ko saMskRta se niSpanna svIkAra karate haiM (prakRtiH saMskRtam / tatra bhavaM tata prAgataM vA prAkRtam, hemacandra, siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana, 1.1. kI vRtti ) / ' kyA vaidika AryoM kI bolI ko prAkRta kahA jA sakatA hai ? isa sambandha meM eka mahattvapUrNa prazna vicAraNIya hai aura vaha yaha ki vedoM kI racanA ke pUrva vaidika Aryo kI kauna sI bolI thI jisameM ve apane vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna karate the ? durbhAgya se isa jana-bolI kA svarUpa nirdhArita karane ke hamAre pAsa sAdhanoM kA prabhAva hai| yadyapi isa bolI ke AdhAra para vaidika saMhitAoM kI bhASA kI racanA kI gaI, phira bhI jAhira hai ki yaha bhASA vaidika AryoM kI jana-bolI se kucha bhinna rahI hogii| kyA isa jana-bolI ko 'prAkRta' nAma se abhihita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA? (yahA~ 'prAkRta' kA artha vartamAna meM upalabdha prAkRta lenA Avazyaka nhiiN)| pUrvakAlIna vaidika yuga ke sAmAnya janoM dvArA bolI jAne vAlI bhASA meM bhaugolika, Arthika evaM sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa samaya-samaya para aneka parivartana hote rahe, aura aneka zatAbdiyoM ke pazcAt jana sAmAnya kI bolI kA jo rUpa sAmane pAyA, vaha bolI prAkRta kahI jAne lgii| prAkRta kA artha hai sAmAnya jana kI bolI, sahaja vacana-vyApAra, jo saMskRta kI bhAMti vyAkaraNa prAdi ke saMskAra se rahita hai, jaisA kahA cukA hai| kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMskRta kA artha yadi vedapUrva athavA vaidika kAla meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA kiyA jAye to prAkRta kI saMskRta-niSpannatA siddha ho sakatI hai| isake uttara meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki vedakAlIna anagar3ha evaM aparimAjita bhASA ko parimAjita aura saMskArita karane ke pazcAta hI ziSTajanoM kI bhASA saMskRta niSpanna huI hai, ataeva vedapUrva athavA vaidika kAla kI sAmAnya bolI ko saMskRta nAma se abhihita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhASAvijJAna ke vikAsakrama meM donoM kA alaga-alaga sthAna hai aura donoM kA udbhavasthAna samAna hone para bhI donoM ke do bhinna-bhinna pahala haiN| 1. dhanika, siMhadeva gaNi, narasiMha, lakSmIdhara, vAsudeva, trivikrama, mArkaNDeya Adi ne bhI yahI mAnyatA svIkAra kI hai, dekhiye DaoNkTara ke. so. prAcArya, mArkaNDeyakRta prAkRta sarvasva kI bhUmikA, pR0 38 ghaggo dIto saMsAra samuca meM varmA dIpa
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________________ caturtha khaNDa / 250 isa sambandha meM vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai ki Ajakala upalabdha prAkRta bhASA ke kitane hI vyAkaraNa sambandhI rUpa evaM zabda pANini kI saMskRta se sambaddha na hokara vedoM kI bhASA ke anurUpa haiN| udAharaNa ke liye : (ka) prAkRta aura vaidika bhASAoM meM akArAnta prathamA vibhakti ke ekavacana meM visarga ke sthAna para 'pro'| (kha) akArAnta zabdoM ke tRtIyA vibhakti ke bahuvacana meM 'bhis' (ga) antima vyaMjana kA lopa (gha) caturthI vibhakti ke sthAna para SaSThI kA prayoga (Ga) pUrvakAlika kriyA ke sAdhAraNa pratyaya taNa (prAkRta meM ; vaidika bhASA meM tvana) kA prayoga (ca) sparzavargIya caturtha akSara ke sthAna para mahAprANIya 'ha' kA prayogaH dhi = hi; . gadha- graha, grabh = graha; ghnanti = hanti ; ardha-arha / (cha) svara ke bIca meM Ane vAle 5 kALa meM aura r3ha kA laha meM parivartana (ja) prAkRta meM prayukta kitane hI zabdoM kA saMskRta meM prayoga vikSipta (prAkRta vicchitti se), gopendra (govinda), masRNa (masiNa), dyut (jyu), vikRta (vikaTa),kSudra (kSulla), zrithira (zithira), vidUSaka (viusa athavA viusana), AryikA (prajjukA), mArSa (mArisa), bhadraM te (bhadanta) Adi / ' jJAtavya hai ki suprasiddha bhASAvijJAna ke vettA jaoNrja griyarsana ne prAkRta kI tIna avasthAnoM kI ora hamArA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai| unake anusAra, (ka) vaidika bhASA aura usakI uttarAdhikArI saMskRta pramukha prAkRta ke sAhityika rUpa haiM, (kha) gauNa prAkRta meM pAli, vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA ullikhita prAkRtoM, saMskRta nATakoM kI prAkRtoM, sAmAnyatayA sAhitya kI prAkRtoM aura vaiyAkaraNoM ke apabhrazoM kA samAveza hotA hai, (ga) prAkRta kI tIsarI avasthA meM Adhunika prAryabhASAmoM kA antarbhAva hotA hai| prAkRta boliyoM kI anekarUpatA kahA jA cukA hai ki bhinna-bhinna pradezoM meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa se bolI jAne vAlI prAkRta meM, saMskRta kI bhAMti ekarUpatA na A skii| isIlie pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI ke stara para usakA sarvamAnya sarvAMgINa vyAkaraNa taiyAra na kiyA jA skaa| pUrvIya aura pazcimI saMpradAyoM ke vaiyAkaraNoM ne apane-apane prAkRtavyAkaraNoM kI racanA kii| ina vyAkaraNoM meM ya-zruti, Na-prayoga, anunAsika prayoga Adi ko lekara paraspara virodhI matoM kA vidhAna kiyA gyaa|' isake atirikti vyAkaraNa sambandhI aneka niyamoM ke pratipAdana ke prasaMga meM 'prAyaH', 'bahala', 1. dekhiye pizala, kampareTiva grAmara oNva da prAkRta laingavejeja (subhadra jhA), 6, pR. 4-5; mArkaNDeya, prAkRtasarvasva, ke. sI. prAcArya, bhUmikA, pR. 46; jagadIzacandra jaina, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, saMzodhita saMskaraNa, 1985, pR. 5 2. dekhiye, jagadIzacandra jaina, vahI. pR. 18-19
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________________ prAkRta boliyoM kI sArthakatA | 251 'kvacita', 'vA' Adi zabdoM ke prayoga dvArA prAkRta boliyoM ko anekarUpatA kA hI samarthana kiyA gyaa|' vararuci (IsA kI lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI) Adi pUrvI saMpradAya ke vaiyAkaraNa kitanI hI aisI boliyoM aura una boliyoM kI carcA karate haiM jinakA ullekha hemacandra (1088-1172 I.) Adi pazcimI saMpradAyoM kI racanAoM meM nahIM milatA / vararuci mahArASTrI (prAkRta), paizAcI, mAgadhI aura zaurasenI kI carcA karate haiM jaba ki hemacandra isameM cUlikA paizAcI aura apabhraMza jor3a dete haiN| isake atirikti ve pArSaprAkRta yA ardhamAgadhI kA bhI ullekha karate haiM kintu apane prAkRta-vyAkaraNa ( 1.3; siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana kA AThavA~ adhyAya ) meM unhoMne kahA ki unake vyAkaraNa ke samasta niyama ArSa prAkata ke lie lAgU nahIM hote| trivikrama apane prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana meM, siMharAja apane prAkRta rUpAvatAra meM, lakSmIdhara SaDbhASAcandrikA meM aura appaya dIkSita prAkRtamaNidIpa meM hemacandra kA hI anukaraNa karate haiM; antara itanA hI hai ki ve pArSa athavA ardhamAgadhI ko zAmila nahIM karate / prAkRta-prakAza kI lokapriyatA vararuci kA prAkRtaprakAza upalabdha vyAkaraNoM meM sarvaprAcIna jAna par3atA hai| isa para bhAmaha ne manoramA, kAtyAyana ne prAkatamaMjarI ( padyabaddha TIkA), vasaMtarAja ne prAkatasaMjIvanI,2 sadAnanda ne subodhinI aura nArAyaNa vidyAvinoda ne prAkRtapAdaTIkAoM kI racanA kI hai| kesavaho aura usANiruddha nAmaka prAkRta kAvyoM ke racayitA malAbAra ke nivAsI rAmapANivAda ne bhI isa para prAkatavatti nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| isake atirikta, jaise bhaTTi kavi ne aSTAdhyAyI ke sUtroM kA spaSTIkaraNa karane hetu bhaTTikAvya (rAvaNavadha), aura AcArya hemacandra ne siddhahemavyAkaraNa ke sUtroM ko samajhAne ke lie prAkRta dvayAzraya kAvya kI racanA kI, usI prakAra kerala nivAsI kRSNalIlAzuka ne vararucikRta prAkRtaprakAza ke niyamoM kA jJAna karAne ke lie siriciMdhakavva kI racanA kii| isase isa vyAkaraNa kI lokapriyatA kA sahaja hI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| prAkRtaprakAza ke 12 paricchedoM meM se 9 paricchedoM meM sAmAnya prAkRta (= mahArASTrI) ko vivecana hai, 10veM meM paizAcI, 11 veM meM mAgadhI aura 12 veM meM zaurasenI ke lakSaNa batAye gaye haiN| kAtyAyana kI prAkRtamaMjarI, vasaMtarAja kI prAkRtasaMjIvanI aura sadAnandakRta subodhinI TIkAyeM prAkRtaprakAza ke kevala prAraMbha ke 9 paricchedoM para haiM, isase jAna par3atA hai ki vararuci ne kevala sAmAnya prAkRta 1. saMdhiprayogoM kI bahulatA ke sambandha meM vararucikRta prAkRtaprakAza para saMjIvanI ke TIkAkAra vasantarAja ne nimna zloka uddhata kiyA hai kvacit pravRttiH kvacidapravRttiH kcacid vibhASA kvacidanyadeva / vidhevidhAnaM bahadhA samIkSya caturvidhaM bAhulakaM vadanti / -prAcArya zrI baladeva upAdhyAya, prAkRtaprakAza, 1972, 4.1, pR. 73 2. yaha TIkA sarvaprathama AcArya zrI baladeva upAdhyAya dvArA sarasvatI bhavana sIrIja, banArasa se do khaNDoM meM 1927 meM prakAzita; dvitIya parivadhita saMskaraNa 1972 meM prakAzita / dInavI w ww.janelibrary.org
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________________ caturthakhaNDa / 252 mahArASTrI prAkRta ko hI mAnya liyA thA jo usa samaya kI sTaiNDarDa sAhityika prAkRta samajhI jAtI thI / kramaza: paizAcI aura mAgadhI kA vivecana karane vAle 10 vA~ aura 11 vA adhyAya saMbhavataH bhAmaha prathavA kisI ajJAta vaiyAkaraNa dvArA bAda meM jor3A gyaa| jJAtavya hai ki zaurasenI ke lakSaNa pratipAdita karane vAle 12 baeN pariccheda para svayaM bhAmaha kI bhI TIkA nahIM hai / ' prAkRta boliyoM saMbaMdhI matabheda pUrvIya aura pazcimI saMpradAyoM ke vaiyAkaraNoM meM paraspara kitane hI matabheda haiM jisase bhinna-bhinna kSetra evaM bhinna-bhinna kAla ko lekara parivartanazIla prAkRta boliyoM kI ora hamArA dhyAna AkarSita hotA hai / sabase pahalA matabheda to dhAtu athavA zabda saMbaMdhI gaNoM ko lekara hI hai; donoM hI saMpradAyoM ne bhinna-bhinna gaNa svIkAra kiye haiM / paizAcI, mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI boliyoM saMbaMdhI matabheda bhI kama nahIM haiM / vararuci ne prAkRtaprakAza meM zaurasenI ko paizAcI kA AdhAra mAnA hai| mArkaNDeya ne prAkRtasarvasva meM 11 pizAca dezoM ko ginAyA hai| unhoMne kaikaya, zaurasena aura pAMcAla nAma kI tIna paizAcI boliyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / rAma zarmA tarkavAgIza ne inameM gaur3a, mAgadha aura vrAcaDa paizAcI ko sammilita kara diyA hai| pazcimI saMpradAya ke vaiyAkaraNoM meM isa prakAra kA vargIkaraNa dekhane meM nahIM AtA / paizAcI prAkRta kI koI svataMtra racanA bhI upalabdha nahIM hai; guNADhya kI baDakahA (vRhatkathA ) naSTa ho gaI hai / zrardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI aura paizAcI kI bhA~ti mAgadhI meM svataMtra racanAtroM kA abhAva hai / saMskRta nATakoM meM hI isake prayoga milate haiM / vararuci aura hemacandra ne mAgadhI ke katipaya niyamoM kA vivecana kara zeSa niyamoM ko zaurasenI para se samajha lene kA prAdeza diyA hai| mArkaNDeya ne zaurasenI ko mAgadhI kI prakRti batAyA hai / ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke saMbaMdha meM Upara kahA jA cukA hai| yaha zvetAmbara jaina Agama graMthoM kI bhASA hai jaise saMskRta ko gIrvANa (deva) bhASA kahA jAtA hai vaise hI ardhamAgadhI ko prArSavacana prathavA devavANI kahA gayA hai| ghASabhASA hone ke kAraNa isakI svataMtra utpatti mAnI gaI hai jisake liye vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM par3atI / kramadIzvara ne ardhamAgadhI ko mahArASTrI aura mAgadhI kA mizraNa kahA hai| mArkaNDeya ne mAgadhI ke lakSaNoM kA vivecana karane ke pazcAt zaurasenI ke samIpa hone se mAgadhI ko hI ardhamAgadhI batAyA hai / zvetAmbara jaina graMthoM kI ardhamAgadhI ke lokabhASA hone ke kAraNa usameM kSetra evaM kAla ke dhanusAra samaya-samaya para parivartana hote rahe jisase usameM mAgadhI, zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI ke prayoga bhI zAmila kara liye gaye / jJAtavya hai ki jaise bauddha zrAgama graMthoM kI mAgadhI nATyazAstra evaM prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM nirdiSTa mAgadhI se bhinna hai, usI prakAra zvetAmbara jaina graMthoM kI ardhamAgadhI nATyazAstra evaM prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM nirdiSTa ardhamAgadhI se bhinna mAnI gaI hai| zaurasenI digaMbarIya grAgama graMthoM kI bhASA rahI hai| dhvanitasva ko dRSTi se yaha bolI madhyabhAratIya AryabhASA ke vikAsa meM saMkramaNa kAla kI avasthA mAnI gaI hai, isake bAda mahArASTrI prAtI hai / bharata ne nATyazAstra meM boliyoM kA vargIkaraNa karate hue zaurasenI kA 1. dekhiye dinezacandra sarakAra, grAmara zraoNva dI prAkRta laingveja, 1943, pR0 3
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________________ prAkRta boliyA~ kI sArthakatA / 253 ullekha kiyA hai, mahArASTrI kA ullekha yahA~ nahIM miltaa| azvaghoSa, bhAsa, zUdraka, kAlidAsa, vizAkhadatta grAdi saMskRta-nATakakAroM kI racanAmoM meM zaurasenI ke prayoga pAye jAte haiN| vararuci ne prAkRta-prakAza meM saMskRta ko zaurasenI kA AdhAra mAnA hai| saMskRta dvArA prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa zaurasenI meM prAcIna kRtrima rUpoM kI bahalatA pAI jAtI hai| IsA kI chaThI jAne vAlI mahArASTrI ko uttama prAkRta kahA hai, jo sUkti rUpI ratnoM kA sAgara hai / dhvaniparivartana kI dRSTi se yaha prAkRta atyanta samRddha mAno gaI hai|' hAla kI gAhAsattasaI kI racanA isI prAkRta meM kI gaI hai| isa prAkRta kA sarvAdhika prayoga pragItoM meM kiyA gayA hai| Age calakara mahArASTrI itanI lokapriya huI ki ise sAmAnya prAkRta ke nAma se kahA jAne lgaa| vararuci ne apane prAkRtaprakAza meM sAmAnya prAkRta mahArASTrI kA hI vivecana kiyA hai| gAhAsattasaI aura gauDavaho jaisI racanAyeM mahArASTrI prAkRta meM likhI gaI haiM, phira bhI ina racanAmoM ke kartAoM ne apanI bhASA ko prAkRta nAma hI diyA hai| saMskRta nATakoM meM mahArASTrI ke prayoga dekhane meM prAte haiN| kAlAntara meM jaba mahArASTrI aura zaurasenI ne sAhityika rUpa liyA to ina boliyoM ke zAzvata nirdhArita niyamoM ke abhAva meM, eka prAkRta ke niyama dUsarI prAkRta ke liye lAgU kiye jAne lage / puruSottama ne apane prAkRtAnuzAsana (11.1) meM mahArASTrI -28 zivAjI pArka bambaI-28 00 1. vistAra ke liye dekhiye, jagadIzacandra jaina, vahI, pR0 26-43