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________________ prAkRta bhASA ke dhvani parivartanoM kI bhASA vaijJAnika vyAkhyA D DA0 devendra kumAra jaina, indaura vicAra do : bhASA eka vaicArika matabheda ke bAvajUda zramaNa-brAhmaNoM kI abhivyakti kI bhASA eka rahI hai| saMskRta aura prAkRta eka hI Arya bhASA rUpI sikke ke do pahala hai| AryoM ke pahale bhArata ke mUla nivAsI kauna the, yA Arya hI isa deza ke mUla nivAsI the, jahAM se ve bAhara phaile yA bAhara se Akara yahA~ base? yaha lambe vivAda kA viSaya hai / lekina yaha taya hai ki-Arya mASA kA prAcInatama sAhitya 'Rgveda' meM surakSita hai| ataH usake bhASA vaijJAnika adhyayana kI kahAnI 'Rgveda' kI bhASA se zurU hotI hai| usake bAda saMskRta AtI hai aura usake samAntara prAkRta bhASA sAmAjika vastu hai, jo vyaktigata uddezya kI pUrti bhI karatI hai| bhASA sAmAjika AvazyakatA, ekarUpatA aura sthiratA kI mAMga karatI hai, jaba ki-vyaktigata AvazyakatA lacIlepana kii| eka use sthiratA pradAna karanA cAhatI hai, dUsarI parivartana ke lie majabUra karatI hai| eka saMskAra cAhatI hai, dUsarI sahajatA / saMskRta aura prAkRta Arya bhASA ke inhIM do tatvoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, aura usake vikAsa kI kahAnI bhI inhIM tasvoM kI pratidvanditA kI kahAnI hai| parivartana prakriyA - prAkRta (jisameM zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta donoM haiM) kA vizleSaNa karate samaya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa bhI pANini dvArA nirdhArita mAnadaNDa kA hI prayoga karate hai / ataH be prAkRta meM hone vAle dhvani parivartanoM kA ullekha vibhinna niyamoM ke dvArA karate hai| yaha eka mAnya tathya hai ki dhvani parivartana ke bIja usakI utpAdana prakriyA meM par3e rahate haiM, isa parivartana ke nizcita kAraNa aura dizAeM hotI hai, ataH prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA nirdiSTa dhvani parivartanoM kI bhASA vaijJAnika vyAkhyA kara unheM nizcita pravRttiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| cUMki dhvani-bhASA kI mahattvapUrNa ikAI hai, ataH usameM hone vAlA parivartana bhASA kI samUcI racanAtmakatA ko prabhAvita karatA hai| dhvani se sambandhita ye parivartana kucha to sArvabhauma sArvakAlika hote haiM aura kucha deza-kAla dvArA niyantrita / parivartana kA pahalA kAraNa parivartana kA pahalA kAraNa-saMskRta kI kucha dhvaniyoM kA prAkRta meM na honA hai, ye haiMR-ai aura za, Sa aadi| isase siddha hai ki prAkRta dhvani kA vicAra prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa saMskRta dhvani ke AdhAra para karate haiN| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa dhvani kI siddhi loka se mAnate haiN| lekina yaha jarUrI nahIM hai ki loka kisI dhvani kA uccAraNa saba samaya aura saba kSetroM meM eka-sA kre| ataH Age calakara ekarUpatA ke lie usakA bhI saMskAra karanA par3atA hai| saMskRta ke vRddhi svara
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________________ prAkRta bhASA ke dhvani parivartanoM kI bhASA vaijJAnika vyAkhyA 'ai' aura 'au' ke sthAna para prAkRta meM do parivartana hue| e o (guNa svara) athavA 'aya' aura 'ava' jo unhIM ke dUsare rUpa haiN| 'e' aura 'o' kramazaH 'aI' aura au ke guNa rUpa haiN| 'i' aura 'u' kA argha svara 'ya' aura 'va' meM vinimaya sambhava hai| lekina eka do zabdoM meM 'Ava' surakSita hai, jaise--gaurava kA gAva aura 'no' kA 'nAva' jo vastutaH gau aura nau ke hI vRddhi rUpa hai| arthAt saMskRta ke vRddhi svaroM ke bhagnAvazeSa kahIM-kahIM prAkRta meM surakSita haiM-'ai', ai,| vaira=baira / kailAza=kailAsa / kairava-kairava / daitya = daicca / yathArtha meM vRddhi svara 'ai' 'o' 'e' 'o' ke a se milakara vRddhi rUpa banate haiM, prAkRta unheM guNa yA mUla ai, au ke rUpa meM likhane ke pakSa meM hai| kyoMki unakA uccAraNa isI rUpa meM hai| Rke vikalpa R ne apanI anupasthiti se prAkRta zabdoM ko sabase adhika prabhAvita kiyA / prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa R kI jagaha nimnalikhita dhvaniyoM kA vidhAna karate haiM(1) a aura u-RSabha =usaho-vasaho / (2) i-maatRkaa=maaiaa| (3) o-u=mRSA=mosA-musA / vRta-voTa / (4) ri-rI=Rccha-riccha / Rnn-rinn| Ahata aura dRpta zabdoM ke lie prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa kramazaH Adi 'a' aura 'dari' zabda kA Adeza karate haiN| jabaki inheM sAdhAraNa dhvani prakriyA meM hone vAle parivartanoM ke dvArA siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaise-Ahata-Adaa-Adia-ADhima yahA~ R ke yoga se 'da' kA mahAprANa madhanya mAva aura 'R' 'i' ke rUpa bana gii| isI prakAra dapta se datta=darita-daria 'da' kA Dhari aura madhya ke 'ta' kA lopa / inake lie alaga se niyama nirdeza karane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| svara vinimaya prAkRtoM meM parivartana kA dUsarA kAraNa hai eka svara ke sthAna para dUsare svara kA A jaanaa| prAroha =pAroha-paroha / svapna =siviNa-simiNa / vyalIka=vilia / vyaJjana=vijjana= viaNa / ina udAharaNoM meM lopa (ra) dIrgha kA hasva svarAgama aura vyaMjanAgama se kAma cala jAtA hai / pakva =pakka =pikka / puSkara pukkara / mudgara-muggara / nUpura=Neura meM pUrNa sAvarNya bhAva para sAvarNya bhAva aura mUrdhanya bhAva se ukta rUpoM kA vikAsa huaa| sthUNa ke sthAna para thUNA=thoNa=thUNA bhii| prAkRta meM Adi saMyukta vyaMjana meM eka ke lopa kI pravRtti vyApaka hai| sthANu meM prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra 'stha' ko 'kha' hotA hai| sthANu =khANu / jisase varNa pratyaya ke dvArA khUNA khUTI bnaa|| mukula maula / bhakuTI bhiuDI / Adi asAvarNya bhAva ke udAharaNa haiN| isakA artha hai ki jaba do samIpavartI samAna dhvaniyoM meM se eka badala jAtI hai to asAvarNya bhAva kahalAtA hai| lekina jaba do samIpavartI asamAna dhvaniyoM meM eka-dUsarI ko apane anurUpa banA letI hai to yaha sAvarNya bhAva kI pravRtti kahalAtI hai| vyalIka aura svapna meM jo kramazaH 'ya'=i aura va=u hotA hai| vaha saMprasAraNa ke niyama ke dvArA / ka-kha-ga-gha, cU-ja-ta-da-ya aura pa Adi madhyama vyaMjanoM ke lopa ke kAraNa bhI kAphI dhvani parivartana saMbhava hai| jaise-pavanapaana-pauna / gamana = gaana=gauna / mahAprANa dhvani mahAprANa dhvaniyoM ke sthAna para kevala 'ha' mahAprANa dhvani ke zeSa rahane kI pravRtti bhI bahuta vyApaka hai|
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________________ 350 munidvaya abhinandana grantha jaise-zlAghA-salAha / svabhAva-sahAva / naathnaah| sAdhusAhu / sparza mahAprANa kA nAda mahAprANa raha jAtA hai / puccha =pichaM / kabhI-kabhI mahAprANa hI rahatA hai-pihaM / sparza kA nAda hotA haijaTilajhaDila / naTanaDa / ghaTa-ghaDa / pratipaDi / 'u' ke sthAna para 'la' (ulayorabhedaH) gula=guDa / vADisa=valisa / phADaphAla / 'Ta' ke sthAna para mahAprANa nAda Dha kA honA-kaiTabha =ke Dhava / sahA-saDA / piThara= piTThara / sakaTasaaDha / kuThAra-kuThAra / ra aura la meM vinimaya kI Ama pravatti thii| kAtara=kAila | garuDa=garula / haridra-haliddha / da kA mUrdhanya bhAva 'Da' jaise-- dara-Dara / daMza =DaMsa / daidraha / dambha-drambha / darbha-Dambha (DAbha) pRthviipuddhvii| nizItha - nisIDha / prathama paDhama / ddholaa=ddolaa| daMDa-DaMDa / ya aura va ke atirikta mahAprANa dhvani bhI hai| bharata =bharaa=bharahi / vstii=vsii-vshii| 'tha' aura 'Sa' kA mahAprANa hotA hai| kabhI-kabhI mahAprANa 'ha' se bhI vinimaya saMbhava hai pASANa =pAhAna / pratyUSa-paccUha / patha-pai / zabda ke Adi kA 'Sa' ke 'cha' banane ke udAharaNa haiM SaTpada chappaa / sssstthii-chtthii| vizeSa dhvani parivartana prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa, gRha aura duhitA ke sthAna para 'ghara' aura 'dhua' Adeza karate haiM / parantu inheM dhvani parivartana kI prakriyA se siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaise-gRha-garaha (R-ara= ga=gaha) varNya pratyaya se 'ga' meM 'ra' milakara mahAprANa ghara / duhitA se madhyama 'ta' kA lopa aura 'da' kA mahAprANa aura dIrgha hone se dhuA banatA hai| eka hI zabda ke pUrva sAvarNya aura para sAvarNya bhAva donoM pravRttiyA~ dekhI jAtI haiM, jaise-rakta rakka=ragga=ratta / zakta=satta=sakka / paryasta paryANa aura paryaka se banane vAle pallasta-pallANa aura pallaMka meM (ralayorameda.) kA prabhAva hai| sUkSma se suNha banane meM yaha dhyAna rakhanA ucita hogA ki sUkSma ke kSa meM ka+Sa par3A huA hai, usase-sumahasUNaha=suNha bnaa| madhyasvarAgama ke udAharaNa nimnalikhita haiM harSa harisa / amarSa =amarisa / zrI=sirI, hrI=hirI / kriyaa=kiriaa| mahArASTra se marahaThTha banane meM varNa pratyaya kI pravRtti sakriya hai| niSkarSa isa prakAra prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM kA sabase bar3A pradeya yaha hai ki unhoMne prAkRtoM ke sAhitya ko surakSita rakhA, jisase prAcIna aura Adhunika bhASAoM kA bhASA vaijJAnika adhyayana ho skaa| ina udAharaNoM se bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM hone vAlI dhvani parivartana sambandhI riktatA ko bharA jA sakatA hai aura una pravRttiyoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jo usake parivartana meM hInAdhika mAtrA meM hotI rahatI haiN|
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________________ Adarza gRhastha banAma zrAvakadharma - ku0 rAjala botharA, ratalAma Aja cAroM ora azAMti kA vAtAvaraNa phailA dRSTigocara hotA hai yadyapi Aja vijJAna ne hamAre lie aise vividha sAdhana upalabdha kiye haiM jinake dvArA mAnava apane sUkha-zAnti-unnati Adi vikAsa kA caramotkarSa prApta kara sakatA hai phira bhI mAnava mana ko itanI azAMti kyoM hai ? agara isa prazna kA gaharAI ke sAtha kAraNoM sahita adhyayana kareM to hameM jJAta hogA ki mAnava dRSTi "sva" kI ora na hokara "para" kI ora AkRSTa hai kyoMki vaha dUsaroM kI sukhasuvidhAoM kI sAmagrI ko dekhakara unheM svayaM ke lie prApta karane hetu lAlAyita rahatA hai / taba vaha yaha nahIM socatA hai ki merI Arthika sthiti usa vyakti ke samAna hai yA nahIM jisakI maiM samAnatA karanA cAha rahA hU~, jisa prakAra nadI jaba apanI sImA kA parityAga kara detI hai to usakA vikarAlasvarUpa pralaya rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai| usa samaya samasta prANI jagata ke liye eka viSama paristhiti nirmita ho jAtI hai, ThIka vahI dazA Aja mAnava kI hai| agara mAnava parAkRSTa rahe usake jIvana meM saMgharSa azAMtimaya vAtAvaraNa utpanna hotA rhegaa| jisakA pariNAma mAnava jagata ke lie zocanIya hogaa| jaba taka mAnava sva kI ora AkRSTa na hogA, taba taka vaha sukha, pragati evaM zAMti kI prApti nahIM kara sktaa| ___Aja kA mAnava sva kI ora AkRSTa na hokara parAkRSTa hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja vizva meM zastroM kI hor3a, yuddha, khAdya samasyA, DakaitI Adi kaI bhA~ti kI samasyAe~ utpanna ho gaI haiN| Aja kA mAnaba bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA batAye gaye zrAvakadharma kA dainika jIvana meM pAlana aura AcaraNa kare to usake jIvana yApana meM jitanI bhI samasyAeM utpanna hotI haiM, unakA nirAkaraNa sambhava hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne 5 vrata-satya, ahiMsA, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha arthAta jhUTha mata bolo, hiMsA mata karo, corI mata karo, asaMyama se mata raho, saMgraha na karo-batalAye haiM agara inakA gaharAI ke sAtha adhyayana kareM to spaSTa hotA hai ki mAnava ko una pravRttiyoM ko niyantrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai jinake dvArA deza yA samAja meM arAjakatA, dveSa, azAMti nirmita ho| hiMsA corI, ati kutsita jIvana, jhUTha, saMgraha ye sAmAjika pApa hI haiM / gRhastha inakA jitanA adhika parityAga karegA utanA adhika sabhya va samAja hitaiSI mAnA jaayegaa| mAnava kI AvazyakatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara inakA aNuvrata rUpa se pAlana kara Adarza gRhastha yA zrAvaka kA svarUpa sthApita karane kA sabhI tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadeza diyA gyaa| ina vratoM dvArA kisa prakAra apane jIvana ko utkRSTa banAyA jAye jisase jIvana kI vaidhAnikatA spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita ho ske| saMkSepa meM Adarza gRhastha kI AcaraNa saMhitA isa prakAra AMkI jA sakatI hai ahiMsA pramAda ke vaza hokara prANaghAta karanA hiMsA hai| pramAda yAni mana kA dvaSa, Itmika
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________________ 352 munidvaya abhinandana grantha pravatti evaM prANaghAta se tAtparya na kevala kisI prANI ko mAra DAlanA kintu use kisI prakAra kA kaSTa denA bhI hai / hiMsA ke do bheda haiM : (1) bhAva hiMsA evaM (2) dravya hiMsA / 1. bhAvahiMsA apane mana meM kisI prANI ke prati hiMsA kA vicAra karanA / 2. drayahiMsA apanI zArIrika kriyA dvArA kisI prANI ko prANarahita karanA, vadha-baMdhana Adi se pIDA pahuMcAnA / adhika pApa bhAvahiMsA meM hI hai, kyoMki usake dvArA hiMsA ho yA na ho lekina vicAraka ke vizuddha antaraMga kA ghAta hotA hai| dvIndriya Adi trasa jIvahiMsA ke cAra bheda batAye hai(1) ArambhI-yaha hiMsA gRhasthI se sambandhita hisA kahalAtI hai yaha anivAryataH hone vAlI hiMsA hai| (2) udyogI-yaha kRSi-vyApAra, dukAnadArI, vANijya, udyoga-dhandhoM meM hone vAlI hiMsA hai| (3) virodhI-isa prakAra kI hiMsA ke antargata svajana, parijana, deza, samAja evaM dharma ke lie hone vAlI hiMsA AtI hai| (4) saMkalpI hiMsA-isa prakAra kI hiMsA svArthavaza kI jAne vAlI hiMsA hai| yadyapi inameM se gRhasthI saMkalpI hiMsA kA tyAgI ho sakatA hai lekina bAkI kI tIna prakAra kI hiMsAoM meM vaha vyApaka viveka ke anusAra saMyama rkheN| aticAra prANI ko kisI prakAra kI pIr3A pahuMcAnA Adi aneka prakAra kI hiMsA se eka Adarza zrAvaka banane ke lie bacanA Avazyaka hai| zrAvaka ke parijanoM va tiyaMca paMcendriya jIvoM ke prati 5 prakAra ke aticAra kahakara niSedha kiyA gayA hai jaise-kisI bhI prANI ko bAMdhakara rakhanA, samaya para bhojana pAnI na denA, pITanA, avayavoM kA chedana-medana karanA, unakI zakti se adhika bhAra lAdanA / inase bacane ke alAvA ahiMsA ko dRr3ha rUpa dene ke lie bhagavAna ne 5 prakAra kI bhAvanAoM ko gRhastha ko mana ke vicAroM, vacana ke prayoga, calane phirane aura vastuoM ko khulA na rakhane, bhojana sambandhI kriyAoM ke prati jAgarUka rahane ko kahA hai|| isa prakAra jaina zAstroM meM hiMsA ke svarUpa aura ahiMsA vrata ke vivecana ko surakSA rUpa se prastuta kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki isa vrata kA pAlana zrAvaka ko suzIla, sabhya, samAja, deza evaM dharma hitaiSI banAne aura aniSTakArI pravRtti ko rokane meM sahAyaka hai| Aja isakI saMsAra meM ati AvazyakatA hai / ye vyakti ke AcaraNa kA zodhana karatA hai| isI prakAra deza-samAja kI nIti kA aMga banakara deza meM sukha zAMti-ekatA sthApita karane meM sahAyaka hai inhIM guNoM ke kAraNa ahiMsA jainadharma meM hI nahIM anya sabhI dharmoM meM mAnya hai| jaise bAibila ke pAMcave adhyAya meM likhA hai ki Thou shalt not kill any body then who cause you. isI prakAra kurAna ke cauthe tukke meM kahA gayA hai ki __ "khuda jio aura dUsaroM ko bhI jIne do|" ahiMsA ke pracAra ke lie Avazyaka hai ki jAti-pA~ti kA bhedabhAva lupta ho, anyAya va hiMsA na bar3he evaM bAlaka ko aisA saMskArayukta zikSaNa diyA jAe ki jisase bAlaka ko anyAya, hiMsA, atyAcAra Adi ke prati ghRNA utpanna ho tAki vaha Age calakara Adarza jIvana bitA sake /
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________________ Adarza gRhastha banAma zrAvakadharma satya asatya vacana bolanA hI jhUTha kahalAtA hai| asatya yA vaha satya jo vastu sthiti ke anukala aura hitakArI nahIM ho, jhUTha hai| isalie zAstra meM kahA gayA hai ki "satya bolo, priya bolo aura satya kA prayoga isa taraha na karo jo dUsaroM ko apriya ho|" isakA mUla bhAva gRhastha yA vyakti ke Atma-pariNAmoM kI zuddhi, sva athavA dUsaroM kA ahita evaM hiMsA kA nivAraNa hai| isakA pAlana karane ke lie zrAvaka ko isa aNuvrata kI sImA yaha hai ki svayaM yA dUsaroM kI rakSA nimitta kiye gaye kAryoM meM asatya ke prayoga meM AMzika pApa kA bhAgI hai / kyoMki unakI mUla bhAvanA dUSita nahIM honA yahI usakA kAraNa hai / dravyAhiMsA se bhAvahiMsA kA mahattva pApa-puNya ke vicAra se adhika hai| aticAra dravya va bhAvahiMsA ke atirikta "jhUThA upadeza denA, kisI kA rahasya pragaTa karanA, jhUThe lekha taiyAra karanA, kisI kI amAnata ko vApasa na lauTAnA yA kama denA yA bhUla jAnA, kisI kA mantra bheda khola denA" ye bhI isake 5 mUla aticAra haiM jo ki spaSTa rUpa se sAmAjika jIvana meM hAnikAraka siddha hue hai, jinake dvArA mAnava jIvana saMgharSamaya hotA hai / isake paripAlana ke lie krodha, lobha, bhIrutA, ha~sI-majAka kA parityAga aura bhASaNa meM aucitya kA dhyAna rakhane kA abhyAsa va Avazyaka rUpa se dhyAna rakhanA anivArya hai| jainadharma ke alAvA vaidika dharma meM bhI "satyam zivam sundaram" ko hI adhika mahattva diyA hai| asteya kisI bhI vyakti ko binA AjJA ke koI vastu lenA bhI corI hai| Adarza gRhastha ke lie usa vastu ko lene kA adhikAra hai jisa para spaSTa rUpa se kisI kA adhikAra evaM roka na ho evaM corI na karanA aura dUsaroM ke dvArA karavAnA corI ke sAmAna yA dhana kA upayoga karanA yA rakhanA, smagaliMga dvArA vastuoM kA AyAta-niryAta karanA, nizcita mApa-tola se kama yA adhika tolanA, asalI ke badale nakalI denA ye asteya ke aticAra haiN| inakA Adarza gRhastha ko parityAga karanA caahie| isa vrata ke dvArA vyApAra meM sacAI va ImAnadArI ko sthApita karane kA prayatna prastuta kiyA hai| jinakA pAlana isa samaya atyanta Avazyaka hai| kyoMki Aja cAroM ora bhraSTAcAra evaM milAvaTa, kama denA, asalI ke badale nakalI denA Adi kA pracalana ucca stara para hai jo ki bhayaMkara siddha ho rahA hai| milAvaTa ke kAraNa anekoM prakAra kI bImAriyAM paidA ho rahI haiN| jisake kAraNa Aja mAnava samAja va deza meM azAMti phaila rahI hai| ina saba bAtoM ke nivAraNa ke lie Aja asteya vrata ke pAlana kI AcAra saMhitA kI parama AvazyakatA hai, Adarza grahastha ke lie ati Avazyaka hai| brahmacarya pratyeka indriya para vijaya prApta karanA atyanta kaThina hai kintu anya indriyoM kI apekSA sparza indriya para vijaya prApta karanA kaThina hai ataH sAdhAraNa bolacAla kI bhASA meM sparzanendriya ko vaza meM karanA, vIrya kI rakSA karanA yA strI ke saMsarga kA tyAga karanA hI brahmacarya kA artha hai| kintu sUkSmatA se artha para vicAra kiyA jAya to spaSTa hai ki pratyeka indriya ko jItanA aura AtmaniSTha bana jAnA hI brahmacarya kA artha hai| isake antargata cAhe strI ho yA puruSa use sva-strI yA sva-pati ke alAvA samasta puruSoM ko mAI, pitA va putra mAnanA va sabhI striyoM ko mAtA, bahana putrI sadRza vicAra evaM vyavahAra rakhanA zrAvaka pUrNa rUpa se aMgIkAra karatA hai to use sarvathA hI viSaya-mogoM kA parityAga nahIM karanA par3atA hai|
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________________ * 354 munidvaya abhinandana grantha aticAra dUsaroM kA vivAha karAnA, para-strI yA para-pUruSa-gamana karanA, tathA viSaya-moga kI tIvra abhilASA karanA ye isake pramukha aticAra haiM / rAgAtmaka kahAniyA~ yA azlIla sAhitya ke adhyayana kA parityAga karanA brahmacarya ko dRr3hatA pradAna karatA hai / isake dvArA mAnava ko sex bhAvanA ko maryAdita tathA samAja se tatsambandhI doSoM ko dUra karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / Aja vaijJAnika vikAsa kI ora bar3hane ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava apanA cAritrika patana stara tejI se nIce girAtA jA rahA hai| Aja navayuvakoM evaM navayuvatiyoM meM mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana jaisesigareTa, zarAba, aphIma Adi evaM DeTiMga prathA atyadhika rUpa se pracalita ho rahI hai| yadyapi Aja vaijJAnikoM ne khoja dvArA spaSTa kara diyA ki mAdaka dravyoM ke sevana se kainsara, kSaya, raktacApa, Adi bhAMti-bhAMti kI bImAriyAM phaila rahI haiM jo ki prANaghAtaka siddha ho rahI haiN| Aja vyakti phaizana meM sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ko apanAkara use bhUlatA jA rahA hai yadyapi Aja pAzcAtya loga bhAratIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti apanA rahe haiM aura AdhyAtmika zAnti kI khoja hetu unakA bhArata Agamana jArI hai| Aja vartamAna meM utpanna ina samasyAoM kA samAdhAna isa vrata meM antanihita hai| ataH Aja isa vrata kA pAlana vizva ke sabhI mAnavoM ke lie atyanta Avazyaka hai| isake pAlana se anekoM samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa sambhava hone ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava ko Atmika-mAnasika zAnti avazyameva prApta hogI aura naitika stara unnati para hogaa| sAtha-sAtha zArIrika Arogya aura zArIrika zakti prApta karAne meM sahAyaka siddha hogaa| parigraha saMgraha kA dUsarA nAma parigraha hai / jJAtaputra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne mUrchAbhAva arthAt mamatva bhAvanA ko hI parigraha kA nAma diyA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki jahA~ rAga hai, mamatA hai, lolupatA hai vahA~ bAhya vastu kA saMsarga cAhe na ho para parigraha avazya hai| Aja mAnava meM saMgraha vRtti vyApaka rUpa se phaila gaI hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja mAnava ko apane jIvana yApana kI vastue~ prApta karane ke lie aneka kaThinAI utpanna ho rahI hai| yaha samasyA hamAre deza meM hI nahIM apitu vizva ke aneka dezoM meM vyakta hai| vaise agara dekhA jAya to hamAre deza meM yaha samasyA AMzika rUpa se jarUra hai lekina isako viruTa rUpa dene kA zreya pUMjIpati, kAle dhana kA vyApAra karane vAle, smaliga kA vyApAra karane vAloM ko hai| kyoMki anAvazyaka rUpa se saMgraha, bAharI dezoM ko niryAta kara adhika dhana kamAne ke lAlaca meM vyApAra karane vAle logoM ne saMgraha kara rakhA hai aura dUsarI tarapha garIba majadura jo ki roja majadUrI karake roja anna kharIdatA hai use anna prApti ke lie aneka kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| Aja deza meM anekoM loga aise haiM jinheM peTa bhara bhojana nahIM milatA hai dUsarI aura saMgraha kiyA gayA anna sar3a rahA hai, taba kyA yaha saMgraha vRtti ucita hai ? parigraha rUpa loma kA pArAvAra nahIM hai| isa vRtti yA lobha ke kAraNa Aja samAja evaM dezoM meM anekoMthika viSamatAe~, virodha, azAMti, AMdolana, saMgharSa Adi utpanna ho rahe haiN| isake nivArA, evaM niyantraNoM para adhika jora diyA jA rahA hai| kAnUnoM ke mAdhyama se aneka prayatna kie jA rahe haiM jo asaphala hote jA rahe haiM kyoMki unase mAnava kI manovRtti zuddha nahIM hotI aura bananoM se usakI mAnasika vRtti chalakapaTa aura anAcAra kI ora bar3hane lagatI hai| jainadharma meM Adarza gahastha ke naitika vidhAna ke antargata saMgraha vRtti ko amyantara cetanA dvArA niyantrita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai aura apane kuTumba pAlana Adi ke vicAra ko dhyAna rakha apane svayaM parigraha kI sImA nirdhArita karane
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________________ Adarza gRhastha banAma zrAvakadharma 355 ko kahA hai| niyata sImA se adhika dhana-dhAnya kA saMcaya na karanA aura adhika hone para use davAiyAM, vastra, anna Adi dAna karanA, vidyAlayoM kI sthApanA, jIva rakSA Adi hitakArI kArya karanA caahie| aticAra bhUmi, sonA, cA~dI, bartana, adhika dhanadhAnya kA saMgraha ye isake pramukha aticAra haiN| inako dhyAna meM rakhate hue pratyeka gRhastha pAlana kre| vizva kI bar3I se bar3I samasyA karor3oM logoM ke mane roTI kA savAla hai| dUsarI ora dhana evaM sAmrAjyavAda amaryAdita icchAoM kI viSamatA ke kAraNa Aja sArA vizva viSama paristhitiyoM se gujara rahA hai| ina utpanna samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke aparigrahavAda ke pAlana meM hai| yahI use saccI zAzvata zAMti pradAna kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA gRhastha dharma meM jina vratoM kA ullekha prastuta kiyA hai unako jIvana meM anusaraNa yogya banAne ke lie una bhAvanAoM kA vidhAna batAyA hai jinake dvArA pApoM ke prati aruci aura sadAcAra ke prati ruci utpanna ho / jo pApa hai unake dvArA jIvana meM aneka prakAra ke sukhoM ke bajAya dukhoM kA hI nirmANa hotA hai| pratyeka jIvita prANI ke prati maMtrI bhAva, guNI vyaktiyoM ke prati zraddhA prema, dukhI dona prANI ke prati kAruNya pratidvandviyoM ke prati rAga dveSa va IrSyA bhAvanA rahita mAdhyastha bhAva ho| ina samasta bhAvoM ke prati mana ko sadaiva jAgarUka rakhanA cAhie jisase tIvra aniSTakArI bhAvanA jAgrata na ho| kRta-kArita-anumodita tInoM rUpoM se parityAga karanA / isa prakAra naitika sadAcAra dvArA jIvana ko zuddha aura samAja ko susaMskRta banAne kA pUrNa prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| tIna guNavata ina 5 mUla vratoM ke alAvA kucha aise niyama bhI gRhastha yA zrAvaka yA mAnava ke batAe~ hai jinake dvArA mAnava ko tRSNA va saMgraha vRtti para niyantraNa ho, iMdriyalipsA kA damana ho aura dAnazIlatA kI bhAvanA ho / cAroM dizAoM meM gamana mArga AyAta-niryAta kI sImA bA~dha lenA caahie| atapa maryAdA sahita jala thala meM dUrI sImAoM ke anusAra nirdhAraNa kara vyApAra Adi krnaa| hiMsaka cintavana astra zastra aura anarthakArI vastuoM kA dUsaroM ko dAna na denA jisakA vaha svayaM upayoga nahIM karanA cAhatA hai| inakA Adarza gRhastha ko parityAga karanA Avazyaka hai| inake dvArA mUla vratoM ke guNoM meM vRddhi hotI hai ataH inheM guNavrata kahA gayA hai| cAra zikSA vrata (1) sAmAyika grahastha ko isakI AvazyakatA para jora diyA hai| sAmAyika yAni samatA bhAva yaha mana kI sAmya avasthA hai jisake dvArA hiMsAdi samasta anAcArI pravattiyoM kA damana ho| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne zrAvaka ko adhika samaya zAMta aura zuddha vAtAvaraNa meM mana ko sAMsArikatA se nivRta kara zuddha dhyAna dharma citavana meM lagAne ko kahA hai| (2) poSadhopavAsa gRhastha yA zrAvaka isameM apane gRha, vyApAra, khAnA-pInA chor3akara apanA dina kA pUrNa samaya dhArmika kriyAe~ va svAdhyAya, gurudarzana, vaMdana meM pUrNa kare jisase use bhUkha-pyAsa kI vedanA para vijaya prApta karane kI zakti prApta ho|
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________________ 356 munidvaya abhinandana grantha (3) upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vizeSa prakAra ke peya, dravya, vanaspati, annAdi, vastra, AbhUSaNa, zayanAsana, vAhana Adi kA tyAga va nizcita sImA kA nirdhAraNa karanA / (4) atithi saMvibhAga sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko zraddhApUrvaka AhAra, pAnI, vastra auSadhi kA dAna karanA, yogya pAtroM kI yathocita sahAyatA karanA Adi / isake dvArA mAnava apane ko suzikSita va sabhya banA sakatA hai| saMlekhanA mahAn saMkaTa, durbhikSa, asAdhya roga, vRddhAvasthA meM jaba mAnava va zrAvaka ko yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aba vaha isa vipatti se baca nahIM sakatA to kaSTamaya vyAkulatApUrvaka deha tyAga karane kI apekSA yahI zreyaSkara hai ki vaha apanA AhAra-pAna ghaTAtA jAye jisase citta meM kleza, vyAkulatA utpanna na ho aura zAnta bhAva se vaha prANatyAga kare ise hI saMlekhanA kahA~ gayA hai| AtmaghAta kI saMjJA ise pradAna nahIM kara skte| kyoMki AtmaghAta tIvra rAga dveSa yA kalahapUrNa vRtti kA pariNAma hai| isameM mAnava prANaghAta, zastra, viSa ke prayoga Adi ghAtaka kriyAoM dvArA karatA hai| zrAvaka ko gyAraha pratimAeM uparokta samasta gRhasthadharma ke vratoM para dhyAna dene se spaSTa dikhAI degA ki pUrNarUpeNa zrAvakadharma grahasthoM yA vyaktiyoM dvArA pAlana saMbhava nahIM hai isalie gRhastha kI paristhitiyoM aura suvidhAoM evam zArIrika-mAnasika pravRttiyoM ke AdhAra para zrAvakadharma ke sAdhanA ke svarUpa kI 11 zreNiyAM niyata kI gaI haiN| (1) prathama pratimA : samyak dRSTi-bhale hI paristhitivaza vyakti ahiMsAdika vratoM kA pAlana na kara sake, parantu jaba usakI dRSTi sudhara cukI hotI hai to vaha bhavyasiddha ho jAtA hai aura kamI na kabhI vaha cAritrika zuddhi prApta kara mokSa kA adhikArI bana sakatA hai| (2) dUsarI pratimA vrata-pAMca aNabrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvratoM kA niraticAra rUpa se pAlana karane kA abhyAsa honA Avazyaka hai| (3) tIsarI pratimA : sAmAyika-isakA svarUpa zikSAvratoM meM vistRta rUpa se varNita hai| (4) poSadhopavAsa pratimA-isameM gRhastha upavAsa vidhi kA pAlana karane meM samartha hotA hai jisakA svarUpa Upara varNita hai| (5) sacitta tyAga-isameM zrAvaka ko sthAvara jIvoM kI hiMsA vRtti ko vizeSa rUpa se niyantrita karanA va zAka kandamUla Adi, vanaspati aura aprAsuka jala kA parityAga karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| (6) rAtri-bhojana kA tyAga-isameM rAtri bhojana kA tyAga karanA; kyoMki rAtri bhojana meM kITa pataMgA Adi aneka sUkSma jantu AhAra ke sAtha khAne yA unake dvArA AhAra azuddha hone kA bhaya banA rahatA hai| unase anekoM roga phailane kA bhaya rahatA hai| (7) brahmacarya-isameM zrAvaka ko sva-strI saMsarga bhI tyAga denA va manovikAra utpanna karane vAle kathA sAhitya par3hanA-sunanA aura tat sambandhI vArtAlApa kA bhI parityAga karanA Avazyaka hotA hai|
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________________ Adarza gRhastha banAma zrAvakadharma 357 (8) Arambha tyAga-zrAvaka kI sAMsArika Asakti ghaTanA Avazyaka hai| vaha gharagRhasthI sambandhI bhAra bhI jaise kAma, dhandhe va vyApAra sambandhI bhAra bhI putra Adi ko de detA hai| (8) parigraha tyAga-yahA~ taka Ate-Ate zrAvaka aise utkarSa ko pahu~ca jAtA hai ki (10) anumati pradAna na karanA-- isameM zrAvaka apane putra-putrI Adi ko kAma-dhandhoM yA anya kisI prakAra kI anumati pradAna nahIM karatA hai / (11) uddiSTa tyAga-yahA~ para zrAvakadharma kA pAlana karane vAlA zrAvaka apanI carama sImA para pahuMca jAtA hai| isameM zrAvaka apane nimitta banA bhojana grahaNa nahIM karatA aura bhikSA vRtti aMgIkAra kara letA hai / sAMsArikatA meM rahakara hI yA kabhI-kabhI sAMsArikatA ko tyAga kara munidharma bhI aMgIkAra kara letA hai| uparokta Adarza gRhastha banAma zrAvakadharma kA spaSTa evam sUkSmatama vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki ina vidhAna sUtroM ke AdhAra para saMsAra kA koI bhI prANI arthAt mAnava apane jIvana kA suruci pUrNa tarIke se vyavasthita kara sakatA hai evam use jIvana kA sarvocca vaibhava prApta ho sakatA hai| jaina paribhASA ke anusAra use hama Adarza zrAvaka ke rUpa meM sambodhita kara sakate haiM, sAtha hI sAmAnya bhASA meM use hama Adarza gRhastha ke sarvocca sammAna zikhara para vimaSita kara sakate haiN|