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________________ 3 nigraMtha saMpradAyanI prAcInatA mukhya zramaNa soMpradAyA ane tenI oLakha brAhmaNa ke vaidika dharmonuyAyI sa MpradAyanA virAdhI saMpradAya, zramaNa saMpradAya kahevAya che, je bhAratamAM ghaNe bhAge vaidika saMpradAyanA pravezanI pahelAMthI ja, kAI ne kAI rUpamAM ane kAI ne kAI pradezamAM avazya astitva dharAvatA hatA. zramaNa soMpradAyanI zAkhAo ane prazAkhAe aneka hatI, jemAM sAMkhya, jaina, bauddha, AjIvaka vagerenAM nAma jANItAM che. zramaNa saMpradAyanI prAcIna aneka zAkhAe ane prazAkhAe evI hatI ke je pahelAM tA vaidika saMpradAyanI sAva vidhI hatI, paNa dhIme dhIme e, eka yA bIje kAraNe, vaidika saMpradAyamAM haLImaLI gaI hatI. dAkhalA tarIke ApaNe vaiSNava ane zaiva saMpradAyenAM nAma daI zakIe. prAcIna vaiSNava ane zaiva AgamA vaidika sa MpradAyathI kevaLa bhinna hatA eTalu ja nahIM, paNa ene virAdha sudhdhAM karatA hatA. ane eTalA mATe vaidika sa'pradAyanA sama`ka AcAryA paNa prAcIna vaiSNava ane zaiva Agamone vaiviAdhI mAnIne emane vedamAhya mAnatA hatA; paNu atyAre, ApaNe joI zakIe chIe ke, e ja vaiSNava ane zaiva saMpradAye tathA emanI aneka zAkhAe bilakula vaidika sapradAyamAM maLI gaI che. A ja sthiti sAMkhya sa MpradAyanI che, je pahelAM avaidika manAtA hatA, paNa atyAre vaidika manAya che. Ama
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________________ nigraMtha saMpradAyanI prAcInatA hovA chatAM keTalAka zramaNa saMpradAya hajI paNa evA che ke jeo pite pitAnI jAtane avaidika ja mAne manAve che, ane vaidika vidvAne paNa emane avaidika ja mAne che. A saMpradAyomAM jaina ane bauddha mukhya che. ( zramaNa saMpradAyanI sAmAnya ane saMkSipta oLakhANa e che ke e na te aparuSeya-anAdi rUpe ke Izvararacita rUpe vedanuM prAmANya svIkAre che, ke na te brAhmaNavarganuM jAtine kAraNe ke rahitapaNAne lIdhe gurupada svIkAre che. jevI rIte ke vaidika saMpradAya vedo ane brAhmaNa pure hitenA saMbaMdhamAM mAne che. badhAya zramaNa saMpradAya pitA potAnA saMpradAyanA puraskartA tarIke kaI ne kaI gyatama puruSane mAnIne enAM vacanane ja aMtima pramANarUpa mAne che, ane jati karatAM guNanI pratiSThA karIne saMnyAsI ke gRhatyAgI varganuM ja gurupada svIkAre che. nircatha saMpradAya e jaina saMpradAya keTalAka purAvA prAcIna kALamAM zramaNa saMpradAyanI badhI zAkhA-prazAkhAomAM guru ke tyAgI vargane mATe sAmAnya rIte A zabda vaparAtA hatA ? zramaNa, bhikSu, anagAra, yati, sAdhu, tapasvI, parivrAjaka, ahaMta, jina, tIrthakara vagere. bauddha ane AjIvaka saMpradAyonI jema jaina saMpradAya paNa pitAnA guruvargane mATe pahelAMthI ja A zabdano upayoga karato rahyo che. Ama chatAM eka zabda evo che ke jene uoga jaina saMpradAya ja pitAnA samagra ItihAsa kALamAM, pahelAMthI te atyAra sudhI, pitAnA guruvaryane mATe karate rahyuM che. e zabda che "mirjanya' (nika). jaina Agama pramANe ' nimAya" ane bauddha piTake mujaba "viTha', etihAsika sAdhanone AdhAre ApaNe eTale sudhI jANI ane kahI zakIe chIe ke jenA paraMparA sivAyanI 1. AcArAMga 1, 3, , 108,
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________________ para jainadharmane prANuM bIjI kaI paraMparAnA guruvargane mATe "ninya' zabda pracalita ke rUDha thayelo nathI maLato. A kAraNe ja jainazAstrane "nirivar * arthAta "nizvatravarana" kahevAmAM Ave che. bIjA ke saMpradAyanA zAstrane "nirNavyavacana" kahela nathI. Agamakathita nigraMtha saMpradAyanI sAthe bauddha piTakAne eTale ane jevo sIdho saMbaMdha che, eTale ane evo saMbaMdha vaidika ke paurANika sAhityane nathI. enAM kAraNe A pramANe che - (1) jaina saMpradAya ane bauddha saMpradAya, bane zramaNa saMpradAya che, tethI emanI vacce bhrAtRbhAva jevo saMbaMdha che. (2) bauddha saMpradAyanA sthApaka gautamabuddha ane nigraMtha saMpradAyanA aMtima puraskartA jJAtaputra mahAvIra, banne samakAlIna hatA. teo kevaLa samakAlIna hatA eTaluM ja nahIM, balka emaNe samAna ke eka ja kSetramAM jIvana vitAvyuM hatuM. bannenI pravRttinuM dhAma kevaLa eka ja pradeza nahIM balka eka ja zahera, eka ja mahele ane eka ja kuTuMba paNa hatuM. bannenA anuyAyIo paNa arasaparasa maLatA hatA ane pitAnA pUjya puruSonA upadeza ane AcAra saMbaMdhI mitrabhAve ke pratispadhIbhAve carcA paNa karatA hatA. eTaluM ja nahIM, bake aneka anuyAyIo evA paNa hatA, jeo pahelAM koI ekanA anuyAyI hatA, paNa pachIthI bIjAnA anuyAyI thayA; jANe mahAvIra ane buddhinA anuyAyIo evA pADozI ke kuTuMbI hatA ke jemane sAmAjika saMbaMdha bahu najIka hate. ema ja kahevuM joIe ke jANe eka ja kuTuMbanA aneka sabhyo, atyAre paNa jovAmAM Ave che ema, judI judI mAnyatAo dharAvatA hatA.8 1. bhagavatI 9-6-383. 2. upAsakadazAMga a 8 ItyAdi.
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________________ nigraMtha saMpradAyanI prAcInatA 53 (3) nigraMtha saMpradAyanI aneka bAbatonuM buddha tathA emanA samakAlIna ziSyoe najare joyA jevuM varNana karyuM che-bhale pachI e varNana prAsaMgika hoya ke khaMDananI dRSTithI karavAmAM AvyuM hoya. eTalA mATe bauddha piTamAM maLatA nigraMtha saMpradAyanA AcAravicArane lagatA nirdeza etihAsika dRSTie khUba mahatva che. pachI jyAre ApaNe baddha phirakAmAM AvatA nigraMtha saMpradAya saMbaMdhI nizAnI, khuda nigraMtha pravacanarUpe upalabdha Agamika sAhityamAMnA nidezanI sAthe, zabda ane bhAvanI daSTie, sarakhAmaNuM karIe chIe tyAre emAM saMdeha nathI raheta ke banne nirdeza pramANabhUta che-bhale pachI banne bAjue vAdI-prativAdIne bhAva rahyo hoya. jevI bauddha piTakanI racanA ane saMkalanAnI sthiti che, lagabhaga evI ja sthiti prAcIna nigraMtha AgamonI che. buddha ane mahAvIra buddha ane mahAvIra samakAlIna hatA. banne zramaNa saMpradAyanA samarthaka hatA, chatAM banne vaccenuM aMtara jANyA vinA ApaNe koI nirNaya upara nathI pahoMcI zakatA. paheluM aMtara te e che ke buddha mahAbhiniSkramaNathI laIne te pitAnA navA mArga-dhamacakanuM pravatana karyuM, e cha varSa daramyAna teo e samaye pracalita bhinna bhinna tapasvI ane yogI saMpradAyano eka pachI ekane svIkAra ane tyAga karatA rahyAjyAre mahAvIrane kuLa paraMparAthI je dharmamAga prApta thaye hato ene svIkAra karIne teo AgaLa vadhyA ane e kuLa paraMparAgata dharmamAM pitAnI sUjha ane zakti pramANe emaNe sudhAre ke zuddhi karyA. ekane mArga jUnA paMthane tyAga karyA bAda navA dharmasthApanane hato, te bIjAne mArga kuLadharmanuM saMzodhana mAtra hatA. tethI ApaNe joIe chIe ke buddha Thera Thera pahelAM svIkArela ane nahIM svIkArela che. majhimanikAya sura 14, pa6. dIdhanikAya sula 29, 33.
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________________ 54. jainadharmane prANa aneka pathAnI samAlocanA karatA rahe che, ane kahe che ke amuka paMthane amuka nAyaka amuka mAne che, bIje amuka mAne che, paNa huM enI sAthe saMmata nathI, huM te A pramANe mAnuM chuM ityAdi. buddha samasta piTakamAM evuM kyAMya nathI kahyuM ke huM je kahuM chuM te to phakta prAcIna che, ane huM te mAtra ene pracAraka ja chuM. buddhanA sarva kathananI pAchaLa eka ja bhAva che, ane te e ke, mAro mArga mArI pitAnI zodhanuM phaLa che, jyAre mahAvIra ema nathI kahetA. kAraNa ke ekavAra pAzvapatyikee mahAvIrane keTalAka prazno pULyA te emaNe pArzvanAthanAM ja vacanonI sAkSI ApIne pArzvapatyikene pitAnA pakSanA banAvI dIdhA. e kAraNe ja budde pitAnA matanI sAthe bIjA koI samakAlIna ke pUrvakAlIna matane samanvaya nathI karyo; emaNe kevaLa pitAnA matanI vizeSatAo batAvI che, jyAre mahAvIre evuM nathI karyuM. teoe pArzvanAthanA te samayanA saMpradAyanA anuyAyIo sAthe pitAnA sudhArA ke pheraphArane samanvaya karyo che. tethI mahAvIrano mArga pArzvanAthane saMpradAya sAthenI emanI samanvayavRttino sUcaka che. buddha ane mahAvIranI vacce dhyAna ApavA ya bIjuM aMtara jIvanakAlanuM che. buddha 80 vaSe nirvANa pAmyA, jyAre mahAvIra 7ra varSanI uMmare. have to e nizcita jevuM thaI cUkayuM che ke buddhanuM nirvANa pahelAM ane mahAvIranuM pachI thayuM hatuM ke A rIte mahAvIra karatAM buddha jarUra kaMIka vRddha hatA; eTaluM ja nahIM paNa mahAvIre svataMtrarUpe dharmopadeza Apavo zarU karyo enI pahelAM ja buddha pitAnA mArganI 1. manijhamanakAya suva pa6. aMguttaranikAya vaga 1. pR. 201; voTa 3, pR. 383. 2. bhagavatI 5-9-22pa. 3 uttarAdhyayana a 23. 4. vIranirvANasaMvata aura jene kAlagaNanA. bhAratIya vidyA bhA. 3 5 177.
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________________ nigraMtha saMpradAyanI prAcInatA 55 sthApanAnI zarUAta karI dIdhI hatI. buddhane pitAnA mArgamAM navA navA anuyAyIone bhegA karIne ja baLa vadhAravuM hatuM, jyAre mahAvIrane anuyAyIo banAvavA uparAMta pArzvanAthanA jUnA anuyAyIone paNa pitAnA prabhAvamAM ane pitAnI AsapAsa joDI rAkhavAnA hatA. tatkAlIna bIjA badhA pathenAM maMtavyanI pUrI parIkSA ke emanuM khaMDana karyA vagara buddha pitAnI saMdharacanAmAM saphaLa thaI zake ema na hatA, jyAre mahAvIrane prazna kaMIka judo hatA, kAraNa ke pitAnA cAritra ane tejobaLane lIdhe pAzvanAthanA tatkAlIna anuyAyIonAM mana jItI laIne mahAvIra emane pitAnA anuyAyI banAvI letA hatA, tethI navA navA anuyAyIonI bharatIne savAla emane mATe eTale ujha na hatA, eTale buddhane mATe. tethI ApaNe joIe chIe ke buddhano samagra upadeza bIjAonI AlocanAthI bharelo che. nitha paraMparAne buddha upara prabhAva budde pitAne mArga zarU karatAM pahelAM eka pachI eka je pAne tyAga karyo, emAM eka nigraMtha paMtha paNa hatA. buke pitAnA jIvananuM je varNana karyuM che, ene vAMcavAthI ane enI jaina AgamAM varNavela AcAro sAthe sarakhAmaNI karavAthI e niHsaMdeha rIte jANuM zakAya che ke budhe bIjA paMthenI jema jaina paMthamAM paNa ThIka ThIka jIvana vitAvyuM hatuM-bhale pachI e TUMkA sabhya mATe paNa kema na hoya. buddhanI sAdhanAnA samayamAM zarUAtanAM varSomAM mahAvIre te pitAne mArga zarU ja nahoto karyo ane e samaye pUrva pradezamAM pAzvanAthanA sivAya bIjo koI nircatha paMtha na hatuM. tethI e nakkI che ke buddha, bhale gheDA vakhata mATe paNa kema na hoya, pArzvanAthanA nirmatha saMpradAyanuM jIvana vitAvyuM hatuM. ene lIdhe ja buddha jyAre nigraMtha saMpradAyanA AcAra-vicAranI samAlocanA kare che tyAre nigraMtha 1. majhimanikAya sura ra1. prakAzIta buddhacarita (gujarAtI).
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________________ 56 jainadharmane prANa saMpradAyamAM pratiSThita evA tapa upara ugra prahAra kare che. ane teo jyAre nigraMtha saMpradAyanA AcAra ane vicAranuM khaMDana kare che tyAre enuM e saMpradAyanI paribhASAmAM ThIka ThIka varNana karIne kare che, enuM kAraNa paNa A ja che. mahAvIra ane buddha banene upadezakALa amuka samaya sudhI te jarUra eka ja hata; eTaluM ja nahIM, teo ekabIjAne maLyA vagara paNa amuka sthAnomAM ekasAthe vicaryA hatA. tethI ApaNe e paNa joIe chIe ke piTakAmAM "sAtaputta miTa" tarIke mahAvIrane nirdeza Ave che. cAra yAma ane ddha saMpradAya bauddha piTakAmAMnA dIghanikAya ane saMyuttanikAyamAM nigraMthanAM mahAvratanI carcA Ave che. dIghanikAyanA sAmarbaphalasuttamAM zreNika-biMbisAranA putra ajAtazatru-kaNike pitAnI jJAtaputra mahAvIra sAthe thayelI mulAkAtanuM varNana buddhanI samakSa karyuM che, jemAM jJAtaputra mahAvIranA mukhe ema kahevarAvyuM che ke nigraMtha catumasaMvarathI saMta hoya che; Avo nigraMtha ja yatAtmA ane sthitAtmA hoya che. A ja rIte saMyuttanikAyanA devadattasaMyuttamAM niMka nAme vyakti jJAtaputra mahAvIrane dhyAnamAM rAkhIne buddhane kahe che ke e jJAtaputra mahAvIra dayALu, kuzaLa ane caturyAma yukta che. A bauddha ullekhane AdhAre ApaNe eTaluM jANuM zakIe chIe ke khuda buddhanA samayamAM ane e pachI paNa (baddha piTake e aMtima svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM tyAM sudhI paNa) baddha paraMparA mahAvIrane ane emanA anya nigraMthane catuma yukta samajatA hatA. yAmano artha che mahAvrata, jene yogazAstra (2-30) mAM jaNAvyA mujaba "yama" paNa kahe che. mahAvIranI nigraMtha paraMparA atyAra lagI paMcamahAvratadhArI che, ane paMcamahAtI tarIke ja zAstramAM tathA vyavahAramAM prasiddha che. AvI 1, dIghanikAca suva 2. 2, dIdhanikAya su. 2. saMyuttanikAsa veo , pa0 66.
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________________ nigraMtha saMpradAyanI prAcInatA pa7 sthitimAM bauddha graMthamAM mahAvIra ane anya nigraMtha mATe cAramahAvratadhArI rUpe je ullekha che, eno zuM artha samajavo?--Avo prima ApoApa Ubho thAya che. Ano javAba ApaNane upalabdha jaina AgamomAMthI maLI rahe che. sadbhAgye upalabdha AgamamAM prAcIna evA aneka staro sacavAI rahyA che ke je kevaLa mahAvIranA samayanI nigraMtha paraMparAnI sthiti upara ja nahIM balka enI pahelAMnI pAzvapatyika nigraMtha paraMparAnI sthiti upara paNa spaSTa prakAza pADe che. bhagavatI ane uttarAdhyayana jevA AgamomAM varNana Ave che ke pAzvapatyika nigraMtha, jeo cAra mahAvratadhArI hatA, emAMnA ghaNAoe mahAvIranA zAsanane svIkAra karIne emaNe prarUpela pAMca mahAvratone dhAraNa karyA hatA, ane jUnI cAra mahAvratonI paraMparAne badalI nAkhI hatI; jyAre keTalAka evA paNa pApatyika ni hatA ke jemaNe pitAnI cAra mahAvratanI paraMparAne ja cAlu rAkhI hatI. mahAvIre cAra mahAtratAnA sthAne pAMca mahAvratanI sthApanA zA mATe karI ane kyAre karI, A paNa eka aitihAsika savAla che. mahAvIre pAMca mahAvratanI sthApanA zA mATe karI?--A savAlano javAba te jaina graMthe Ape che, paNa e sthApanA kyAre karI?--Ano javAba e nathI ApatA. ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha, A cAra yA-mahAvratAnI pratiSThA bhagavAna pArzvanAthe karI hatI, paNa krame krame nigraMtha paraMparAmAM evI zithilatA AvI gaI ke keTalAka nize "aparigraha ne artha "saMgraha na karavo' eTale ja karIne strIone saMgraha ke pariDa karyA vagara paNa emane saMpa rAkhatA hatA, ane chatAM mAnatA hatA ke ethI ane pharansa, muMbaI) 1. "udyAna ane mahAvIrAMka (sthAnakavAsI jaina pR0 46. 2. ejana. WWW.jainelibrary.org
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________________ 58 jainadharmane prANa parigrahavratane bhaMga thatuM nathI. A zithilatAne dUra karavA mATe bhagavAna mahAvIre brahmacarya vratane aparigrahathI juduM sthApyuM ane cethA vratamAM zuddhi lAvavAnA prayatna karyo. mahAvIre potAnA upadezakALanA trIsa varSa jeTalA lAMbA samaya daramyAna brahmacarya vratanI aparigrahathI judI sthApanA kyAre karI, e te kahI zakAya ema nathI, paNa emaNe A sthApanA evI bhArapUrvaka karI ke jene lIdhe pachInI samasta nigraMtha paraMparA pAMca mahAvratanI ja pratiSThA karavA lAgI, ane je gaNyAgAMDyA pAzvapatyika ni mahAvIranI paMcamahAvrata-zAsanathI judA rahyA emanuM AgaLa jatAM keI astitva ja na rahyuM. je bauddha piTakomAM ane jaina AgamAM cAra mahAvratane nirdeza ke enuM varNana na Avata to Aje e pa paNa na lAgata ke pApatyika paraMparA kayAreka cAramahAvratadhArI paNa hatI. uparanI carcAthI eTaluM te ApoApa vidita thaI jAya che ke pApatyika nigraMtha paraMparAmAM dIkSA levAvALA jJAtaputra mahAvIre pite paNa cAra mahAvrato ja dhAraNa karyA hatAM, paraMtu sAMpradAyika paristhitine joIne emaNe e bAbatamAM kyAreka ne kayAreka sudhAre karyo. A sudhArAnI sAme prAcIna nigraMtha paraMparAmAM kevI carcA ke kevA tarkavitarka thatAM hatAM, ene Acho khyAla ApaNane uttarAdhyayana sUtramAMnA kezi-gautama saMvAdamAMthI maLe che. emAM kahevAmAM AvyuM che ke keTalAka pApatyika nigraMthamAM e vitarka thavA lAgyo hato ke jyAre pArzvanAtha ane madhuvIranuM ekamAtra dhyeya mokSa ja che, tyAre e bannenA mahAvato saMbaMdhI upadezamAM pharaka kema ? A gaDamathalane kezIe gautamanI sAme rajU karI ane gautame eno khulAso karyo. kazI prasanna thayA ane emaNe mahAvIranA zAsanane svIkArI lIdhuM. ATalI carcA uparathI ApaNe sahelAIthI nIce jaNAvela 1. uttarAdhyayana 23. 11-13, 23-27 vagere.
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________________ pa9 nigraMtha saMpradAyanI prAcInatA niSkarSa upara pahoMcI zakIe chIe - (1) mahAvIranI pahelAM, ochAmAM ochuM pArzvanAthanA samayathI zarU karIne, nirgatha paraMparAmAM cAra mahAvratanI ja prathA hatI, jene bhagavAna mahAvIre kyAreka ne kyAreka badalI, ane pAMca mahAvratarUpe ene vikAsa karyo. e ja vikasita rUpa atyAra sudhInA badhAya jaina, phirakAomAM nirvivAda rUpe mAnya che, ane cAra mahAvratanI prAcIna prathA mAtra graMthamAM ja sacavAI rahI che. ' (2) khuda buddha ane emanA samakAlIna ke uttarakAlIna badhAya bhikSuo nirgatha paraMparAne kevaLa cAra mahAvratadhArI ja mAnatA hatA, ane mahAvIranA paMca mahAvrata saMbaMdhI AMtarika sudhArAthI teo aparicita hatA. je vAta budde ekavAra kahI ane je sAmAnya janatAmAM prasiddha thaI, ene ja teo potAnI racanAomAM pharI pharI kahetA gayA. buddha pitAnA saMdhane mATe mukhya pAMca zIla ke vrata darzAvyAM che. je saMkhyAnI dRSTie te nigraMtha paraMparAne yame sAthe maLatAM che, paNa banne vacce thoDuM aMtara che. A aMtara e che ke nigraMtha para parAmAM pAMcamuM vrata aparigraha che, jyAre bauddha paraMparAmAM madya vagerene tyAga e pAMcamuM zIla che. joke bauddha graMthamAM ThekaThekANe caturyAmane nirdeza Ave che, paNa mULa piTakomAM tathA enI akathAomAM caturyAmane je artha karavAmAM AvyA che te che tathA aspaSTa che. Ama kema thayuM haze ? - e prazna thayA vinA nathI raheto. nigraMtha paraMparA jevI pitAnI pADoza, samakAlIna ane atiprasiddha paraMparAnA cAra yAmanA saMbaMdhamAM bauddha graMthakAre ATale ajJAta ke aspaSTa hoya e joIne zarU zarUmAM te navAI lAge che, paNa jyAre ApaNe sAMpradAyika sthitine vicAra >> dIghanikAya su. 2. didhanikAya sumaMgalA TakA pura 167.
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________________ jainadharmane prANa karIe chIe tyAre e navAI dUra thaI jAya che. koI paNa saMpradAye bIjA saMpradAyane pUre nyAya nathI Apyo. evuM paNa banyuM hoya ke mULamAM buddha tathA emanA samakAlIna ziSya caturyAmane pUre ane sAco artha jANatA heya--e artha sarvatra prasiddha paNa -tethI e jaNAvavAnI jarUra na dekhAI hoya; paNa jema jema piTakAnuM saMkalana thatuM gayuM tema tema caturyAmano artha spaSTa karavAnI jarUra dekhAI heya. keI bauddha bhikSue, kalpanAne baLe, enA arthanI pUrti karI, e ja AgaLa jatAM jemanI tema cAlu rahI, ane koIe e na vicAryuM ke caturyAmano A artha nigraMtha paraMparAne mAnya che ke nahIM? bauddhonA saMbaMdhamAM jenA hAthe paNa Avo vipAsa thayela kyAMka kayAMka jovAmAM Ave che. keIpaNa saMpradAyanI mAnyatAnuM pUrNa sAcuM rUpa te enA graMtho ane enI paraMparAthI jANuM zakAya che. daauciM0 naM0 2, pR. 50-pa9, 97-100J 1. sUtrakRtAMga 1-2-2, 24-28,