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________________ wwaitasamunacceaniasiSSADALocadaNAGAR zrI gaNezaprasAda jaina mathurA kA prAcIna jaina-zilpa Opn uttara bhAratIya prAcIna jaina-kalA kendroM meM 'mathurA' kA sthAna agragaNya thaa| 'IsA pUrva sAtavIM zatAbdI se lekara 'IsA' kI 11vIM zatAbdI taka 'matharA' nagarI jaina-dharma aura kalA kA pradhAna kendra rahI hai| 'kaMkAlI-TIlA' tathA anya nikaTavartI sthaloM se prApta saikar3oM jaina-tIrthakara-mUrtiyA~ va mAMgalika cinhoM se aMkita AyAgapaTTa, deva-kinnaroM Adi se vandita stambha, stUpa, azoka, campaka, nAgakezara Adi vRkSoM ke nIce AkarSaka-mudrAoM meM khar3I zAlimaMjikAoM se yukta suzobhita vedikAoM ke stambha, kalApUrNa zilApaTTa, ziradala Adi yaha ghoSita karate haiM ki 'mathurA' ke zilpiyoM kI tulanA meM anya sthaloM ke zilpiyoM kI kSamatA atyadhika nyUna thii| uparyukta avazeSoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki tatkAlInajanatA meM jaina-dharma ke prati pragAr3ha zraddhA thii| jaina-kalA ke prApta avazeSa I0 pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI se lekara 11 vIM zatAbdI taka ke haiN| Age kI zodhoM meM unase bhI prAcInatama pramANa milane kI sambhAvanA hai / kaMkAlI-TIle se prApta zilA-lekhoM ke AdhAra para DaoN0 'bulhara' kA mata hai ki-IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke pUrva kaMkAlI-TIloM meM jainoM kA eka bahuta bar3A prAsAda yA devAlaya thA / (Epilnd. Vol II. P. 319) isI ke eka sau varSoM pazcAta usI sthAna para eka dUsare prAsAda kA nirmANa kiyA gayA / 'zuMga-kAla' meM deva-sthAnoM ko prAsAda kahA jAtA thaa| jaisA ki 'besa' nagara se prApta zilAlekhoM meM hai| (A.S.R. 1913-14, P. 190) / ___'mathurA' bhArata ke katipaya una prAcIna nagaroM meM hai, jo jaina-dhArmika nagaroM ke tathyoM ko prAgaitihAsika kAla taka le jAte haiN| bhArata hI nahIM, IrAna, yUnAna aura madhya eziyA kI saMskRtiyoM se bhI isa nagara kA sambandha rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki yahA~ kI 'vAstu kalA, mUrti-kalA evaM loka-jIvana' meM ina sabhI saMskRtiyoM kI adbhuta jhAkiyA~ milatI haiN| ___ 'mathurA' ke kaMkAlI-TIle kI khudAI 1853 I0 meM janarala sara 'alekjenDara' ne, san 1871 I0 meM janarala 'kaniMghama' ne, san 1875 I0 meM mi0'gausa ne aura san 1887 I0 se lekara san 1866 I0 taka DA0 'phuharara' aura DA0 'bainarjI ne karAyI hai| ina khadAiyoM meM eka prAcIna stUpa, 110 zilAlekha, ya
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________________ matharA kA prAcIna jaina-zilpa 165 aura aneka jaina-mUrtiyA~ (tIrthaMkaroM kI) tathA anya mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI prApta huI hai| ye prApta dhvaMsAvazeSa 88 se 1891 I0 taka lakhanaU va ilAhAbAda ke pUrAtattva saMgrahAlayoM se bheje gaye haiN| jo zeSa raha gaye vaha 'matharA' nagara meM hI godAmoM meM surakSita haiN| yadi yaha prApta sAmagrI (bhagnAvazeSa Adi) eka hI sthAna para ekatrita rahatI to adhyayana karane vAloM ko vizeSa suvidhA hotii| kucha hI mAsa pUrva "jaina-kalA-pradarzanI" uttara-pradeza rAjya-saMgrahAlaya dvArA lakhanaU meM Ayojita kI gayI thii| jisameM tIna kakSoM meM 78 jaina-kalAtmaka vastuoM kA pradarzana thaa| praveza dvAra para 'jinamastaka' prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI I0 kA sthApita thaa| (je0 186) / dAhinI ora ke kakSa meM jaina-upAsanA ke pratIka devatA, jaina-kathAe~ Adi mUrti-vijJAna kI sAmagrI thI / dUsare kakSa meM 'pASANa-kalA' ke sundara namUne the jo uttara-pradeza aura madhya-bhArata se prApta hue haiM / tIsare kakSa meM 'dhAtu-mUrtiyA~, citra, tathA hastalikhita grantha' rakhe gaye the| jaina-kalA kI yaha anupama sAmagrI 'IsA pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI se unnIsavIM zatAbdI taka' kI thii| inameM 'jaina-tIrthaMkara ke zIrSa, jaina stUpa ke citra, vedikA-stambha, tIrthaMkara yukta AyAgapaTTa zilA-phalaka va zilApaTTa, negameSina, dhyAnamudrA ko tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~, sarvatobhadra-pratimAeM, dharma-cakra Adi adhyayana kI aneka sAmagriyA~ thIM / aisI pradarziniyoM kA apanA aucitya hai / sarva sAdhAraNa meM ye kautUhala paidA karatI haiM, aura unake avalokana se unameM ruci paidA hotI hai, tathA dharma ke prati zraddhA bhI utpanna hotI hai| purAtattva-saMgrahAlayoM meM vizeSa ruci ke loga hI jAte haiN| 'jaina-kalA' pASANa, dhAtu, tADapatra, kAgaja Adi vividha mAdhyamoM se vikasita huI hai| isakA prArambha 'sindhu-sabhyatA' taka pahu~ca cukA hai| maurya-kAla se nirvivAda rUpa meM krama-baddha silasilA to upalabdha hai hii| "jaina-kalAkAroM" ne AyAgapaTTa, caitya-stambha, caityavRkSa, stUpa, mAMgalika-cinha Adi pratIkoM se prArambha kara khar3I va baiThI tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAe~, sarvatobhadrikA yA caumukhI-mUrtiyA~, sarasvatI, ambikA, cakrezvarI, negameSa, balabhadra, kSetrapAla Adi devatAoM kI sundara mUrtiyA~ gar3hI haiM / 'jaina kalA' kA yaha vizAla-kSetra 'pASANa-kalA, dhAtukalA aura vAstukalA' meM anupama nidhi ke rUpa meM prApta hai aura navInazodhoM dvArA prApta hotA jA rahA hai| _ 'pASANa-kalA' kI anupama-nidhi bihAra ke 'lohAnIpura' nAmaka sthAna se prApta tIrthakara pratimA hai / sambhavata: vaha pASANa-kalA kI sarva prathama kRti hai / yaha jaina-pratimA hai / IsvI san ke kaI zatAbdI pUrva se jo yaha paramparA prArambha huI, vartamAna taka calI A rahI hai / kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva (sambhavataH 6-7) uttara pradeza kA 'mathurA' nagara mUrtikalA kA viziSTa kendra bana cukA thA / una dinoM vahA~ jainoM kA eka vizAla stUpa 'baudU-stUpa' ke nAma se prakhyAta thaa| isa stUpa meM aneka choTI bar3I jaina-tIrthaMkara-pratimAoM ke atirikta aneka jaina deva-deviyoM kI mUtiyAM bhI sthApita thiiN| ye pratimAe~ kuSANa-kAla kI mAnI gayI haiM / aneka to pUrva kI bhI lagatI haiN| 'stUpa se prApta pratimAe~ acela (nagna) haiN| kAyotsarga (khar3I) athavA padmAsana meM hai / jaina-pratimAoM ke yahI do Asana hote haiM / chAtI meM zrI vatsa cinha hai| mastaka ke jhalane vAle keza kevala tIthaMkara Ta IPIU maniaamirsuumaanasrinkinaJABALAJIAnamnainaaraaamMDABAALALAAMANARASMAAAJANABAJARAawasad a arddada sAgAaHIVAcAfOERNET zrIAnanthAzrIAnanda anya UYG HINirma niawways Manavin wwwmarwanamosv
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________________ amrunaravarsnareADAMAKLAGADASwecNAGARGADARASAAMANA sAcArya zrIAnandAnthazrAAnandagrantha moonwwwviewvieview.romans.in 166 itihAsa aura saMskRti 'zrI AdinAtha' (RSabhanAtha) kI pratimAoM para hI aMkita milate haiN| kuSANa-kAla taka kI pratimAoM meM tIrthaMkaroM kA lAMchana cinha nahIM hotA karoM kA lAMchana cinha nahIM hotA thA / kevala bhagavAna 'RSabhadeva' AdinAtha kA baila (vRSama), 'zrI padmaprabhu kA 'kamala', 'zrI pArzvanAtha' kA 'sarpa' aura 'zrI mahAvIra' kA 'siMha' lAMchana rUpa meM prayoga hotA thaa| sarvatobhadrikA (caumukhI) pratimAoM meM Adi tIrthaMkara 'zrI RSabhanAtha, bAisaveM tIrthaMkara zrI neminAtha, (zrIkRSNa ke cacere bhAI), 23 veM zrI pArzvanAtha aura 24 veM zrI mahAvIra" kA aMkana hotA thaa| tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyoM ke sAtha kuSANa-kAla taka zAsana devatAoM kA aMkana nahIM hotA thA / pazcAta kI kalA meM unakA nirmANa huA hai| prArambhika-mUrtiyoM meM caraNa-caukI para 'dharma-cakra" ke pUjana kA dRzya tathA abhilekha dikhalAI par3atA hai, jisameM "mUrti kI pratiSThA, tithi, dAtA kA nAma tathA guru paramparA" Adi kA ullekha rahatA hai / madhyakAla taka pahu~cate-pahu~cate tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM meM zAsana-devatAoM ke atirikta anya kaI abhiprAyoM kA aMkana hone lgaa| jaise tIna chatra, chatroM ke Upara Dholaka bajAtA deva, hAthiyoM dvArA abhiSeka ityAdi / jisa tIrthaMkara pratimA kI pRSTha-paTTikA para anya teisa tIrthaMkaroM kA aMkana rahatA hai, use sampUrNa-mUrti' yA caturvizatikA athavA caubIsI kahate haiN| jaina pratimAeM uttara-pradeza, tathA pazcimI bhArata meM vipulatA se prApta haiM / dakSiNa-bhArata meM bhI unake darzana hote haiN| pUrvI-bhArata meM unakI saMkhyA adhika nahIM hai| 57 phuTa U~cI pASANa gommaTezvara-mUrti : Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI do patniyA~ thiiN| prathama rAnI se 'bharata aura 66 putra tathA eka brAhmI nAma kI putrI' thii| dUsarI rAnI ke garbha se eka putra bAhubali aura putrI sunandA' thii| 'RSabhadeva' ne pravrajyAgrahaNa karate samaya jyeSTha putra 'bharata' ko uttarApatha kA aura vAhubali ko dakSiNApatha kA zAsana sauMpA thA / 'bharata' ko rAjadhAnI ayodhyA thI aura vAhubali kI podanapura / mahArAjA 'bharata' mahatvAkAMkSI the, unhoMne cakravartitva ke lie digvijaya kI dubhi bjaayii| dasoM dizAoM meM apanI sattA sthApita kara jaba bharata apanI rAjadhAnI ayodhyA vApasa lauTe to 'cakra-ratna' nagara ke praveza dvAra para aTaka gayA / jaina-purANoM ke anusAra eka bhI zatru ke rahate 'cakra-ratna' rAjadhAnI meM praveza nahIM karatA hai| maMtraNA se jJAta huA ki choTe 'vAhabali' ne samrATa bharata kI AdhInatA svIkAra nahIM kI hai / vaha apane ko svatantra-zAsaka ghoSita karate haiN| aisI sthiti meM yuddha anivArya thaa| donoM bandhuoM kI senAe~ yuddha-bhUmi meM utara AyIM / mantriyoM ne nirNaya diyA, "isa bandhu-yuddha meM senAe~ taTastha rheNgii| donoM bhAI yuddha kara apanA nirNaya kara leN| vijayI cakravartI ghoSita hogA / "netra-yuddha, jala-yuddha aura malla-yuddha dvArA jaya-parAjaya kA nirNaya honA thaa| tInoM yuddhoM meM vAhubali' vijayI rahe / vijayI 'vAhabali' ko AghAta taba lagA jaba bharata ne una para 'cakra' calA diyaa| isase bAhabali ko antardazana huA, aura unhoMne cakra ko rokane ke liye Upara uThAye hAthoM se keza-lucana kara 'dIkSA' grahaNa kara lii| rAjya-sampadA bharata ko arpita kara dii| mahArAjA 'bharata' cakravartI bane / unake nAma para deza kA nAma bhArata par3A / unakI bahana brAhmI ya
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________________ mathurA kA prAcIna jaina-zilpa 197 zA ko jo lipi zrI RSabhadeva jI ne par3hAI thI, vaha brAhmI lipi ke nAma se prasiddha haI / cakravartI bharata ne bAhubali kI tapasyA-bhUmi para unakI anukRti kA nirmANa karAyA thA, kintu kAla ke thaper3oM se vaha naSTa ho gyii| usI bhami para gaMga nareza 'rAjamalla' ke pradhAna senApati vIravara zrI 'cAmuNDarAya' ne kalki saMvata 600 meM vibhava saMvatsara caitra zukla 5, bAra ravi, kumbha-lagna, saubhAgya-yuga, mRgazirA-nakSatra meM mUrti kI sthApanA kara mastakAbhiSeka kraayaa| gaNitajJa-vidvAnoM ke anusAra vaha 23 mArca 1028 I0 kA dina thaa| 'mastakAbhiSeka' kI paramparA meM pratyeka 12 varSoM para vahA~ melA hotA hai| 'zramaNa-bela-golA' Aja kevala jainiyoM kA hI tIrtha nahIM rahA / balki vizva ke paryaTakoM va sailAniyoM ke sabhI AkarSaNa kA vaha sthAna hai| nitya prati saikaDoM yAtrI usa pahAr3I kI coTI para bhagavAna gommaTTe zvara kI usa AzcaryamayI-pratimA ke darzana kara kRtya-kRtya hote haiN| vindhyagiri-parvata ke dakSiNa prasAra meM doDDaveTTa (indragiri) tathA cikkaveTa (candragiri) pahAr3iyoM kI talahaTI meM kalyANI-sarovara ke nikaTa kI bastI kA nAma 'zramaNa-bela-gula' hai| yaha zabda 'kannar3a bhASA' kA hai, aura isakA bhAvArtha hai- 'jaina-sAdhuoM kA dhvl-srovr"| isa bhUmi para atItAtItakAla se jaina-zramaNoM ne tapasyA kara samAdhi-maraNa dvArA mukti prApta kI hai| ise 'dakSiNa kAzI, jaina badarI, devalapura aura gommaTapura" bhI kahA jAtA hai| prApta zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra para yaha IsA se 300 varSoM ke pUrva kA itihAsa pragaTa hotA hai| maisara vizvavidyAlaya ke zodha vibhAga meM pradeza ke 500 zilAlekhoM kA saMgraha hai| jinakA ullekha epigrAkiyA karnATikA meM pUrNa vivaraNa sahita prakAzita hai| zilAlekha samrATa candragupta se sambaddha haiN| inameM jana-dharma ke anuyAyiyoM kI guNa-gAthA, dakSiNa-bhArata ke jainAcAryoM kI paramparA, jaina rAjavaMzoM kA paricaya Adi pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hotA hai| saMsAra kI bejor3a 57 phuTa U~cI pratimA parvata zikhara para binA AdhAra ke sthita hai| jo Azcaryaprada kalA-nirmANa kA DaMkA hajAroM varSoM se gunjita kara rahI hai / bAhuvali sundara hone ke kAraNa 'manmatha' kI saMjJA se vibhUSita the| kannar3a-bhASA meM kAmadeva ko gommaTTa kahA jAtA hai / ataeva bAhuvali kI mUrti kA nAma bhI gomaTezvara hI pracalita ho gyaa| dhAtu-pratimAyeM--aba taka kI prApta dhAtu-pratimAoM meM IsA pUrva eka zatAbdI ke Asa-pAsa kI nirmita teisaveM tIrthakara zrI pArzvanAtha kI pratimA prAcInatama mAnI gayI hai| yaha bihAra rAjya ke 'causA' nAmaka grAma se prApta huI hai| kucha pratimAe~ kuSANa-kAla se sambandhita haiN| zeSa gupta tathA guptottara kAla kI haiN| pazcima tathA dakSiNa bhArata meM AkoTA, basantagar3ha, khambhAyata, bApaTalA, zravaNavalegolA. paDaDa koTTaI Adi vividha sthAnoM meM jaina-dharma kI sahasroM mUrtiyA~ bikharI haiN| ye pratimAe~ Thosa aura polI donoM prakAroM kI haiM / mUrti-nirmANa meM adhikatara pItala aura tAmbe kA hI prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| sone. cA~dI va vibhinna ratnoM kI bhI mUrtiyA~ upalabdha haiM / dhAtu pratimAoM meM abhilekhoM kA sthAna adhikatara mUrti ke pRSTha bhAga meM hI hotA thaa| mUtiyoM kI chAtI para zrIvatsa, caukI para lAcchana, zAsana-devatAoM tathA anya mahattvapUrNa abhiprAyoM kA aMkana hotA thaa| AAAAAAAAAAAAALMAALANAS AcAryapravara abhiAcAryapravara abhinaya zrIAnanda anyAAnandakA anazana
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________________ BadinandanAAAJANARDainikBARDAtIndian mn mHmd `lyh bh b`d bh m Tl`h bh mnzl Grfth `ry`rfh b`d m VINA AcAra AcAryapravara abhinaya zrIAnandamanthazrAAnandagrantha wwwnwr 168 itihAsa aura saMskRti vAstu-kalA-'jaina vAstu-kalA' ke prAcInatama namune maurya samrATa azoka aura dazaratha ke samaya meM nirmita, bihAra rAjya ke rAja giri kI sona bhaNDAra, nAgArjunI aura barAbara pahAr3iyoM kI guphAe~, tathA ur3IsA kI khaNDagiri aura udayagiri guphAe~ zaMga-kAla kI sampadA haiN| 'mathurA' kA devanirmita baud-stUpa' yA 'baudvastupa' bhI kuSANa-kAla kA apane pUre vaibhava kA pramANa hai| gupta-kAlIna namUne bahuta alpa mAtrA meM upalabdha haiN| parantu madhyakAlIna aneka mandira jaise rAjasthAna meM osiyAM jI aura AbU ke, uttara-pradeza meM khajurAho, sonAgiri Adi apanI mahattA kA gaurava Aja bhI saMjoye apanI kahAnI kahane meM sakSama haiN| citrakalA-jaina-citra-kalA kA prArambha bhI I0 pUrva pahalI zatI se hotA hai| isa samaya ke kucha citra ur3IsA ke udayagiri tathA khaNDagiri kI guphAoM meM haiN| tAmilanADu kI sittannavAsala guphAoM kI citrakArI uttara-guptakAla (600-625 I0) kI hai| elorA ke kailAsa mandira kI dIvAloM para 8vIM se 13vIM zatI ke kucha citra haiN| isI prakAra ke citra terApura kI guphAoM meM bhI haiN| uttara-madhyakAla meM laghu citrakalA vizeSa rUpa se pazcima-bhArata meM panapI / tAr3a patra para san 1100 meM likhI nizItha-cUrNI pothI ke citra prAcInatama haiN| isake bAda tAr3apatra tathA kAgaja kI hI pothiyoM meM jainacitra milate haiN| mahApurANa, kalpasUtra, kAlakAcArya-kathA, mahAvIra-caritra, uttarAdhyayana, sthAnAMga sUtra, zAlibhadra caupaI Adi aneka citrita grantha upalabdha haiN| granthoM para lagI lakar3I kI takhtiyA~ bhI sundara citroM se alaMkRta haiM / kapar3e para citroM kA eka acchA udAharaNa san 1433 I0 kI jaina-paMca-tIrthI kA hai| aneka vijJapti-patra jo gRhasthoM dvArA jainAcAryoM ko varSAvAsa ke nimantraNa ke lie bheje jAte the, citroM se alaMkRta haiN| zrI madbhAgavata jaise brAhmaNa granthoM meM bhI kahIM-kahIM jaina-viSayoM kA citraNa prApta hotA hai / madhya-kAlIna jaina citroM meM lAla raMga kI pArzvabhUmi, mukhyataH sapheda, kAle, nIle, hare, aura majIThe raMga kA prayoga vAstu-kalA kA sImita citraNa vizeSa darzanIya hai| mugala-kalA ke prabhAva meM inameM sone kA prayoga bhI bahulatA se hone lagA thaa| mUrtiyoM kA prArambhika nirmANa-kAla : jaina-tIrthaMkaroM kI upalabdha mUrtiyoM se pramANita hotA hai ki-IsA kI do zatAbdI pUrva se hI inakA nirmANa prArambha ho gayA thaa| khAravela ke hAthI-gumphA ke lekha (165 I0 ke lagabhaga) meM devatAyatana saMskAra tathA 'jina-sanniveza' kA varNana hai| khAravela ne kaliMga-deza ke adhiSThAtA 'jina' kI prAcIna pratimA kA sanniveza kara sthApanA karAyA thaa| isI lekha meM 'cakka' kA bhI varNana hai| yaha 'cakka' bauddhoM ke samAna hI 'dhamma-cakka' dharma kA eka pramukha cinha thaa| kaMkAlI-TIle se prApta bahuta jina-pratimAoM ke bAre meM yaha nirNAyaka rUpa meM abhI taka nahIM kahA gayA ki unameM kitanI kuSANa-kAla ke pUrva kI haiN| kintu prAsAdoM ke toraNa aura upAnta bhAgoM ke TUTe hue khaNDa avazya hI zaMgakAla ke haiN| 'mathurA' ke prAcIna zilpiyoM ne jaina-tIrthaMkaroM kI jina mUrtiyoM kA jaisA prArambhika rUpa diyA: vahI paramparA nirantara vikasita hotI rhii| jaina-pratimAe~ mukhya rUpa meM tIna prakAra kI haiM-1, khaDgAsana, 2. padmAsana, aura 3 sarvatobhadra (caumukhI) / prAcIna tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM para uSNISa nahIM hote the / anekoM
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________________ mathurA kA prAcIna jaina-zilpa 169 AIRAT gAtArA kI chAtI para 'zrIvatsa' cinha hai, anekoM para nahIM bhI hai| kintu lAMchanoM kA sarvathA abhAva hai / lAMchanacinha kA prayoga sAtavIM zatAbdi se prArambha huA lagatA hai| caukI para aMkita lekhoM se hI tIrthaMkaroM kA paricaya milatA thaa| Adi tIrthaMkara zrI RSabhadeva haiM, jinheM jaina-dharma ke pravartaka hone ke nAte zrI 'AdinAtha' bhI kahA jAtA hai, ke mastaka kI lau kandhoM taka kucha pratimAoM meM aMkita haiM / sAtaveM tIrthaMkara zrI supArzvanAtha, tathA teisaveM zrI pArzvanAtha kI mUrtiyoM meM sarpa-phaNa kA Topa nirmita hai| khaDgAsana-mUrtiyAM 'kAyotsarga' mudrA kI hotI haiN| inameM 'digambaratva' pratyakSa rahatA hai| inake hAtha latA-hasta mudrA meM hote haiM / padmAsana-mUrtiyoM ke donoM hAtha eka ke madhya eka dUsarI hathelI para hathelI rakhe hote haiM, inakI upamA praphulla kamala se dI jAtI hai| mastaka, grIvA, netra, aura UrdhvakAya bhAga dhyAnamudrA kA hotA hai| sarvatobhadra pratimAe~ khar3agAsana va padmAsana donoM rUpoM meM hotI haiN| ye cAroM dizAoM meM cAra hotI haiM, kintu eka pASANa-khaNDa yA dhAtu meM DhalI hotI haiN| inameM prathama tIrthaMkara zrI RSabhadeva, sAtaveM tIrthaMkara zrI supArzvanAtha, teisaveM tIrthaMkara zrI pArzvanAtha aura antima caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara zrI mahAvIra kA aMkana rahatA hai| inakI caukI para pArzva meM siMha aura dharma-cakra-stUpa kI pUjA kA aMkana rahatA hai| bhakta gRhastha parivAra sahita pUjA karate citrita rahatA hai| 'kalA' kI dRSTi se jaina-tIrthaMkara-pratimAoM meM samAdhijanya sthiratA aura UrdhvatA pAyI jAtI hai| bAharI ora unakA AkarSaNa nahIM hotaa| saumya dhyAnastha zAntamudrA kI pratimAe~ mAnava ko saMsAra kI 'anityatA' kA darzana karAtI haiN| kintu ina virAgI-mUrtiyoM ke nirmAtA 'zilpI' jo pratimAoM ke aMkana meM apanI itanI samAdhAna-pravRtti kA paricaya dete haiM, vahI jaba toraNa aura vedikA-stambhoM ke nirmANa meM apanI chainI aura hathaur3I kA prayoga kara jIvana-sambandhI tathyoM ko dRzyoM meM aMkita karane lagate haiM, taba ve apanI gahana cintAoM kA, U~ce kalAtmaka-sauSThava kA unameM prANa DAla dete haiN| udAharaNa rUpa AyAgapaTToM para aMkita zilpa-mAdhurya mana ko vazIbhUta kiye binA nahIM rhtaa| 'mathurA' ke kalAkAroM kI zreSTha kuzalatA ke pramANika' tathya haiN| mathurA ke zilpa kA prasAra, mUti-zilpa jainoM kI dena hai : 'matharA' kA vAstu-zilpa-vaibhava apanI kalA kI zreSThatA ke kAraNa dUra-dUra taka phailA hai| yahA~ ke zilpiyoM kI karmazAlAe~ rAtri-divasa 'paramakha' jaisI vizAlakAya mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa meM vyasta rahane lagIM thiiN| ye kahAvara-matiyA~ apane sabhI aMgoM se pUrNa santulita zaMga-yuga meM pracuratA se nirmANa hone lagI thiiN| isI paramparA meM kuSANa-yuga meM bodhisattvoM, buddhoM aura anya yakSa-yakSiyoM, devatAoM kI mahAkAya mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa hotA rhaa| sA~cI, sAranAtha, kauzAmbI, zrAvastI, paMjAba, rAjasthAna kA bairATa pradeza, baMgAla, ahicchatrA evaM kosama Adi sthaloM meM matharA ke lAla cakattedAra-pattharoM kI mUrtiyoM upalabdha hotI haiM / ina mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa ke lie sundara maMjIThiyA raMga kA patthara rUpabAsa aura sIkarI kI khadAnoM se lAyA jAtA thaa| 'matharA' zilpa-vaibhava kA svarNa-yuga kuSANa-samrATa kaniSka, huviSka aura vAsudeva ke rAjyakAla taka thaa| isa yuga meM kalA parama utkRSTatA ko prApta huI / yahA~ zilpiyoM ne bharahuta aura sAMcI ke kalA bhAcAphArasAAcAryaasan virynviryiwww TVVVPw.rY
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________________ mAIDANCaswamaAAmWEAssamanaraaaaaaaaaaaawRINACIAAIAARABIAASABAIKAMANAIDABADASAdarsanbroatiane SINRNIcArya IF LF yo zrAAnandAan5 zrIAnandantha wimmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmwwwood 200 itihAsa aura saMskRti ke AcAryoM kI bArIkI vAlI cuTakiyoM ko kevala apanAyA hI nahIM, balki use vikasita bhI kiyaa| kalA naye rUpa meM, naye viSaya aura nayI zailI se phailii| sauMndarya ko utkIrNa karane meM 'mathurA ke zilpiyoM' ne adbhuta gaurava prApta kiyA thaa| bAhya-rUpa ke nirmANa ke sAtha-sAtha Antarika-bhAvoM kI abhivyakti ke samanvaya meM inakI kuzalatA carama-sImA para pahuMca cukI thii| isakI tulanA hI sambhava nahIM hai / ina hAthoM meM kalA, 'lalita-kalA' bnii| kalA kA mApa-daNDa choTA par3a gyaa| "vRkSa, vanaspati, kamaloM ke phulle aura latara, pazu-pakSI" Adi ke rUpa meM jo zobhA ke lie prAcIna-kAla se prayukta hote cale A rahe the use unhoMne apanAte hue unameM navIna viSayoM kA samAveza kara unameM jIvana pratiSThApita kara diyaa| mAnavoM kI prasannatA vyakta karane ke lie prakRti kA citraNa aura udyAnakrIr3AyeM, evaM jala-krIr3AoM ke dRzyoM ko svacchandatApUrvaka vedikA-stambhoM meM utkIrNa kara eka udAharaNa upasthita kiyA hai / 'mathurA' jaise lalita vedikA-stambha anyatra durlabha haiN| zobhanArtha alakAroM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi huI, unameM aneka pUrva samAgata the, anekoM kI nUtana kalpanAyeM bhI huii| saba se prAcIna jainapratimAe~, stUpa, Adi 'mathurA se hI prApta haiN|| yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki-'mUrti-zilpa' bauddhoM ke pUrva atiprAcIna kAla se jainoM kI dharohara rahA hai / kuSANa-yuga se pUrva kI koI buddha pratimA abhI taka nahIM prApta huI hai| bodhagayA, sA~cI aura bharata kI vipulakalA-sAmagrI meM kahIM bhI tathAgata kI (buddha kI) mUrti kA citraNa nahIM milatA, buddhadeva ke pratIkoM hAthI, bodhivRkSa, dharmacakra aura stUpa Adi cinhoM dvArA unakA mAna hotA rhaa| ye cAroM pratIka kramazaH buddha ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM se hI sambandhita rahe haiN| 'hAthI' janma se, 'bodhivakSa' sambodhi se, 'dharmacakra' prathama upadeza se, aura 'stUpa' parinirvANa kA sUcaka mAnA gayA hai| ina pratIkoM kA sambandha lumbinI, bodhagayA, sAranAtha aura kuzInArA se mAnA jAtA hai| bhAratavarSa meM nirmita vizAlakAya-pratimAoM meM kevala 'dasa yakSa'pratimAe~ prApta haI haiM, jinameM adhika saMkhyA meM mathurA se hI prApta haiN| prathama pratimA jo 'parakhama' yakSa kI hai, vaha 'mathurA' se hI prApta huI hai| mathurA ke hI 'barodA' nAma ke sthAna se dUsarI bhI vizAlakAya yakSa pratimA milI hai| tIsarI bhI 'mathurA' ke hI eka gA~va meM pUjI jAne vAlI 'manasAdevI' yakSiNI kI hai| cauthI 'mathurA ke hI 'acira' gA~va se prApta huI hai| kaMkAlI-TIle ke dakSiNa pUrva bhAga meM DaoN0 varjesa ko khudAI meM jo eka 'sarasvatI' kI pratimA prApta huI thI, use lohe kA kAma karane vAle eka lohikA-kAruka gopa ne sthApita karAyA thaa| isI sthAna para dhanahasti kI dharmapatnI aura guhadatta kI putrI ne 'dharmArthI' nAmaka zramaNa ke upadeza se eka zilApaTTa dAna kiyA thA, jisa para stUpa kI pUjA kA sundara dRzya aMkita hai| jayapAla, devadAsa, nAgadatta aura nAgadattA kI jananI 'zrAvikAdattA' ne Arya saMgha sihe kI preraNA se 'vardhamAna'-pratimA ko IsvI san 68 meM dAna kiyA thaa| svAmI mahAkSatrapa 'zoDAsa' ke rAjya saMvatsara 42 meM zramaNa-zrAvikA amohinI ne ayaMvatI kI pratimA kA dAna kiyA thaa| tapasvinI vijayazrI ne jo rAjyavasu kI patnI devila kI mAtA aura viSNabhava kI dAdI thIM, eka mAsa kA upavAsa karane ke pazcAt saMvata 50 (128 I0) meM vardhamAna-pratimA kI E
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________________ mathurA kA prAcIna jaina-zilpa 201 vaTA sa sthApanA kI thii| isa prakAra se jaina-saMgha ke itihAsa ke antargata aneka zramaNa-zrAvikAoM ke puNya kAryoM kA vivaraNa 'mathurA' ke abhilekhoM meM prApta hai| uparokta 'sarasvatI' kI pratimA kI sthApanA saMvata 54 meM haI hai| mUrti ke bAyeM hAtha meM pustaka hai| aba taka kI prApta 'sarasvatI-pratimAoM meM yaha sabase prAcIna hai| jaina-dharma meM ati prAcIna kAla se hI 'sarasvatI aura lakSmI' donoM deviyoM kI mAnyatA bauddhika hI nahIM, AdhyAtmika rUpa meM bhI rahI hai| eka anya ullekhanIya pratimA 'devI AryavatI' kI hai| jo kSatraya "zoDAsa" ke rAjya-kAla meM saMvat 42 meM sthApita kI gayI thii| kSatra aura caMvara lie do pArzvacara striyA~ AryavatI kI sevA kara rahI haiM / isase usakA rAjapada sUcita hotA hai / sambhavata: 'AryavatI devI' kA yaha aMkana mahAvIra kI mAtA 'trizalA devI' kA ho| 'arhanta-nandyAvarta' arthAt aThArahaveM tIrthakara bhagavAna zrI 'arahanAtha' kI caukI para khude eka lekha meM koTriyagaNa vajrI zAkhA ke vAcaka Arya 'vRddhahastI' kI preraNA se eka zrAvikA ne deva nirmita stUpa meM arhata kI pratimA sthApita kI thii| (epigrAphiA iNDikA bhAga 2, le0 201) / yaha lekha saMvat 86 arthAt kuSANa samrATa vAsudeva ke rAjyakAla I0 san 167 kA hai| kuSANa-kAlIna-mUrtiyoM para aneka abhilekha haiN| ina lekhoM kI lipi 'brAhmI' hai, aura bhASA saMskRtaprAkRta kA mizraNa hai| inake dvArA tatkAlIna jaina-dharma sambandhI atyadhika jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| kaMkAlI-TIle se prApta mUrtiyA~ jo 'mathurA aura lakhanaU' Adi saMgrahAlayoM meM sthita haiM, kuSANa saMvat 5 se 95 taka kI haiN| bAda meM ina mUrtiyoM kA sthApanA krama gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka barAbara milatA hai| kalA kI dRSTi se gupta-kAla kI padmAsana-mUrtiyA~ zreSTha haiN| __aneka vedikA-stambhoM para sUcIdaloM kI sundara sajAvaTa, AbhUSaNa saMbhAroM se unnatAMgI ramaNiyoM ke sukhamaya jIvana kA amara vAcana hai| azoka, vakula, Amra tathA campaka ke udyAnoM meM puSpa maMjikA-krIr3AoM meM Asakta, kanduka, khar3agAdi nRtyoM meM pravINatA kI bodhaka, snAna aura prasAdhana meM saMlagna paurAMganAoM ko dekhakara jisa sajIvatA kA AbhAsa hotA hai, vaha avarNIya hai| bhakti-bhAva pUrita pUjana ke lie puSpamAlAoM kA upahAra lAne vAle upAsaka-vRndoM kI zomA vilakSaNa hai| suparNa aura kinnara sadRza deva bhI pUjA ke ina zraddhAmaya kRtyoM meM barAbara bhAga lete hue aMkita haiN| ye sabhI dRzya mAtra bhAva-gamya haiM, inakA varNana sambhava hai hI nhiiN| "AyAgapaTTa"-mathurA "jaina AyAgapaTTa" vizeSa rUpa se gaurava-zAlI haiN| isameM prAyaH bIca meM tIrthaka ra-mUrti tathA cAroM ora vividha prakAra ke manohara alaMkaraNa milate haiN| svastika, naMdAvarta, vardhamAnakya, zrIvatsa, bhadrAsana, darpaNa, kalaza, mInayugala, aura 'aSTa-maMgala-dravyoM, kA AyAgapaTToM para sundara Alekhana hai| eka meM to ATha dikkumAriyA~ eka dUsare kA hAtha pakar3e hae AkarSaka-mudrAoM meM nRtya meM saMlagna haiN| maNDala kA cakravAla abhinaya kA ullekha "rAyapaseniya-satta" meM AyA hai| eka dUsare AyAgapada para toraNa-dvAra tathA vedikA kI atyanta kalAtmaka sarjanA hai / ye sabhI vastue~ kalA ke utkRSTa namUne haiM / inameM adhikAMza abhilikhita haiM, jina para brAhmI lipi meM lagabhaga I0 san pUrva 100 se lekara I0 Pro DAIADHANAGALADISLAanandane JawasarammariawaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaDASARAN sAmAja . zrIAna bhalAyA 123RE 16A grantha zrAAnankAgrantha NAVNINMAHARYANAVARAN manoraminwwimmmmmmmmonwanemamariwimwomemaina
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________________ damaramanawwacAAORALIAMALALADARiseDASABAL o adMADAJAananamodPawanSAAMKARANEPALKARANA.:.. AcAryapravara AcAryapravaraAna zrIAnandagranthazrAAnandAanya 202 itihAsa aura saMskRti gayA Ple prathama zatAbdI ke madhya taka ke haiN| zuga-kAla se lekara gupta-kAla taka kI aisI mUlyavAna jaina-sAmagrI kadAcita hI anyatra mile| isake dvArA vibhinna yugoM kI veza-bhUSA, Amoda-pramoda tathA sAmAjika-jIvana ke antaraMga bhAvoM para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| stUpa ke prAMgaNa meM isa prakAra ke pUjA-zilApaTTa yA AyAgapaTTa U~ce sthaloM para sthApita kiye jAte the / darzaka unakI pUjA arcanA karate the| 'mathurA kI jaina-zilpa-kalA' meM AyAgapaTroM ko mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| aneka ucca-kalA ke jaina-AyAgapaTTa lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM saMgrahIta haiN| (je0 naM0 246) / yaha siMhanAdika dvArA sthApita haiN| inake Upara nIce aSTa-mAMgalika aMkita haiN| donoM pAvoM meM eka ora cakrAMkita-dhvaja aura dUsarI ora gajAMkita stambha hai, bIca meM cAra triratnoM ke madhya meM tIrthakara pratimA padmAsana meM virAjamAna hai| dUsare AyAgapaTTa (je0 naM0 250) meM madhya meM eka bar3A svastika aMkita hai, usake garbha meM eka choTI tIrthaMkara mUrti hai| svastika ke AveSTana ke rUpa meM solaha devakumAriyoM se alaMkRta eka maNDala hai, jisake cAra konoM para cAra manohara mUrtiyA~ hai| nIce kI ora aSTa mAMgalika-cinhoM kI bela haiN| isa prakAra ke pUjA-paTTa ko prAcIna bhASA meM svastika-paTTa kahA jAtA thaa| tIsare 'AyAgapaTTa' (je0 248) ke madhya meM SoDasa-dharma-cakra kI AkRti aMkita hai / usake cAroM ora tIna-maMDala haiM / prathama meM 16 nandipada, dUsaroM meM 'aSTa-dikkumAriyA~', aura tIsare meM kuNDalita puSpakara sraja kamaloM kI mAlA hai, aura cAra konoM para cAra manohara mUrtiyAM haiN| isa pUjA-paTTa ko prAcIna kAla meM cakra-paTTa kahA jAtA thaa| AyAgapaTTa (je0 naM0 255) kI sthApanA phAlguyaza nartaka kI patnI 'zivayazA' ne arhata-pUjA ke lie kI thii| isa para prAcIna mathurA jaina-stUpa kI AkRti aMkita hai, jisake eka ora to toraNa, vedikA aura sopAna bhI diyA hai| mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM bhI eka dUsarA bhI AyAgapaTTa (kyUra) hai jisakI sthApanA gaNikA 'lAvaNya zaubhikA' kI putrI zramaNa-zrAvikA vasU ne arhatoM ke mandira meM ahaMta-pUjA ke liye kI hai| isa para bhI stUpa, toraNa, vedikA aura sopAna aMkita haiN| "vedikAe~"-"vedikA-nirmANa" vAstu-kalA vinyAsa kA utkRSTa karma thaa| usameM "urvastambha, Ar3I sUciyoM, uSNISa, Alambaza, toraNa dvAroM ke mukhya paTTa', puSpAdhanI yA puSpagrahaNI, sopAna, utAracar3hAva kI choTI-choTI pArzvagata vedikAe~ aura dhvaja, stambha Adi nAnA prakAra kI zilpa-sAmagriyA~ sammilita kara unheM utkRSTatA pradAna kI jAtI thii| inameM stUpoM ke rUpoM kA bhI sampAdana manorama DhaMga se kiyA jAtA rahA / vedikA-stambhoM para nirmita zAlabhaMjikA mUrtiyA~ vaisI hI mudrAoM meM haiM, jaisI buddha-stUpoM meM / vastutaH stUpa ke caturdika-vedikA stambhoM kA jaisA sundara-vidhAna 'mathurA-kalA' meM udabhita hai, vaha sarAhanIya hI nahIM atulanIya hai| 'zuMga-kAla' meM tIna vizeSa parivartana hue--prathama meM mUla stUpa para zilApaTToM kA AcchAdana car3hAyA gyaa| dUsare meM usake cAroM ora cAra toraNa dvAroM se saMyukta eka bhavya-vedikA kA nirmANa huaa| isa JAINED vana Wan
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________________ mathurA kA prAcIna jaina - zilpa 203 after ke jo aneka stambha prApta hue haiM, una para kamala ke aneka phUloM kI atyanta sundara sajAvaTa hai / isa AdhAra para vaha vedikA 'padmavara vedikA' kA namUnA jAna par3atI hai, jisakA ullekha 'rAyapasenIya- sutta' meM AyA hai / sambhava hai ki dhanika upAsaka sacamuca ke khile kamaloM dvArA isa prakAra kI puSpamayI vedikA nirmita karAkara vizeSa avasaroM para stUpa kI pUjA karate rahe hoM / kAlAntara meM una kamala puSpoM kI AkRti kASThamaya vedikA stambhoM para utkIrNa kI jAne lagI, aura sabase anta meM patthara ke stambhoM para kamala-puSpoM kI vaise hI alaMkaraNa aura sajAvaTa yukta bela ukerI jAne lagI / aisI hI 'padmavara- vedikA' kA eka sundara udAharaNa 'mathurA' ke deva nirmita jaina- stUpa kI khudAI meM prApta zuMga-kAlIna stambhoM para surakSita raha gayA hai / vedikA stambhoM Adi para strI-puruSoM, pazu-pakSiyoM, latA-vRkSoM, Adi kA citraNa kiyA jAtA thA / kaMkAlI-TIle se prApta jaina - vedikA stambhoM para aisI bahuta sI mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM, jinameM tatkAlIna Anandamaya loka-jIvana kI sundara jhA~kiyA~ milatI haiM / ina mUrtiyoM meM vividha AkarSaka - mudrAoM maiM khar3I striyoM ke citraNa adhika haiM / kisI stambha para koI vanitA udyAna meM puSpa cunatI dikhalAI detI hai, to kisI meM kaMduka-krIr3A kA dRzya hai / koI sundarI jharane ke nIce snAna kA Ananda le rahI hai, to koI dUsarI snAna karane ke uparAnta vastra paridhAna kara rahI hai / kisI para yuvatI gIle kezoM ko sukhAtI hai to kisI para vAloM ke sa~vArane meM lagI hai / kisI ke kapoloM para lodhra-cUrNa malane kA, to kisI para pairoM meM AlatA bharane kA to anya kisI para puSpita-vRkSa kI chAyA maiM baiThakara vINA vAdana kI tallInatA aMkita hai / aneka para nAriyoM kA aMkana nRtya - mudrA meM hai / isa aMkana meM prakRti aura mAnava jagata kI saundarya - rAzi ke sAtha hI nArI-jIvana bhI prANavAna dIkhatA hai / jaina-dharma ke prAcIna itihAsa para mUlyavAna ullekha kalpasUtra meM ( grantha meM) huA hai, usase jaba hama prAcIna-mathurA ke prAcIna zilAlekhoM ''zilAlekha' - 'mathurA' se prApta aneka 'zilAlekha' prakAza DAlate haiM / jaina saMgha ke jisa vipula saMghaTana kA sambandhita gaNa, kula aura zAkhAoM kA vAstavika rUpa meM pAte haiM, to yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki 'kalpasUtra' kI sthivirAvalI meM ullikhita itihAsa prAmANika haiM / jaina saMgha ke ATha gaNoM meM se cAra kA nAmollekhana mathurA ke lekhoM meM huA hai / arthAt koTTiyagaNa, trAraNagaNa, udde hikagaNa, aura vezakATikA gaNa / ina gaNoM se saMbaMdhita jo kula aura zAkhAoM kA vistAra thA, unameM se bhI lagabhaga bIsa nAma mathurA ke lekhoM meM vidyamAna haiM / isase pramANita hotA hai ki jaina bhikSu sagha kA bahuta hI jItA jAgatA kendra 'mathurA' meM vidyamAna thA, aura usake antargata aneka zrAvaka-zrAvikAe~ dharma kA yathAvata pAlana karatI thIM / I 'devapAla' zreSThi kI kanyA 'zreSThisena' kI patnI 'kSudrA' ne kiyA thA / zreSThi veNI kI patnI paTTisena kI mAtA kumAra mitrA ne sarvatobhadrakA pratimA kI sthApanA karAyI thI / vajrI zAkhA ke ke ziSya the, inake guru the / maNikAra jayabhaTTa kI duhitA loha vINAja phalgudeva kI patnI mitrA ne koTTi - gaNa ke antargata bRhada dAsika kula ke vRhanta vAcaka gaNi jaimitra ke ziSya Arya odA ke ziSya gaNi Arya bhagavAna vardhamAna kI pratimA kA dAna AryA vasulA kA upadeza sunakara eka vAcaka AryaM mAtRdatta jo Arya valadatta Jite AdyAna va Ata sAmAna va Amada
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________________ AAAAmiraramanawwaraamananAACARBAinarssardaroodaiauARNATABASANAamaaranandnsaAAAnnorseen AcAryaprakaTa AcAryapravaraA zrIAnandA grantha zrIAnanda rammarAWN 204 itihAsa aura saMskRti pAla ke zraddhAspada, vAcaka Aryadatta ke ziSya vAcaka AryasiMha kI preraNA se eka vizAla jina pratimA kA dAna kiyA thA / AcArya baladatta kI ziSyA AryA kumAramitrA tapasvinI ko zilAlekhoM meM saMzita, masvita, bodhita, kahA gayA hai / yaha bhikSuNI ho gayI thii| kintu usake pUrvAzrama ke putra gaMdhika kumAra bhaTTiya ne eka jina pratimA kA dAna kiyA thaa| yaha mUrti kaMkAlI TIle ke pazcimI bhAga meM sthita dUsare deva prAsAda meM bhagnAveza ke rUpa meM prApta huI haiN| pahale deva prAsAda kI sthiti isa mandira ke kucha pUrva ke ora thii| grAmika jayanAga kI kuTumbinI aura grAmika jayadeva kI putrabadhu ne saMvata 40 meM zilA stambha kA dAna kiyA thA / zramaNa-zrAvikA 'vAlahasti' ne apane mAtA-pitA aura sAsa sasura kI puNyavRddhi ke lie eka bar3e toraNa kI sthApanA kI thii| kaMkAlI TIloM kI khudAI meM hI milI eka tIrthakara mUrti kI bhagna-caukI bhI hai, jisa para I0 dUsarI zatAbdI kA eka brAhmI lekha utkIrNa hai / isa lekha meM lilA hai ki zaka saMvata 76 (150 I0) meM bhagavAna zrI munisuvrata nAtha kI isa pratimA ko devatAoM ke dvArA nirmita vodU-stupa meM pratiSThita karAyA gyaa| "stapa"-pUrva-kAlIna vidvAnoM kI dhAraNA thI ki bhAratavarSa meM saba se pahale bauddha-stupoM kA nirmANa huA thA, kintu prastuta tathyoM ke dvArA yaha dhAraNA bhrAnta siddha ho cukI hai aura aba vidvAna loga mAnane lage haiM ki bauddha-stUpoM ke nirmANa se pUrva hI jaina-stUpoM kA nirmANa hotA rahA / isakI puSTi sAhityika pramANoM se bhI hotI hai, jinheM vulhara aura smitha Adi ne (pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| sabase prathama vulhara ne 'jinaprabha carita tIrtha kalpa' nAma ke grantha kI ora logoM kA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA, jisameM prAcIna pramANoM ke AdhAra para 'matharA' ke deva nirmita stUpa kI nIMva par3ane tathA usake jIrNoddhAra kA varNana hai / isa grantha ke anusAra yaha stUpa pahale svarNa kA thA aura usa para mUlyavAna javAhirAta jar3e hue the| sAtaveM tIrthaMkara zrI supArzvanAtha kI pratiSThA ke lie isa stUpa kA nirmANa 'kuberAdevI' ne karAyA thaa| bAda meM teisaveM tIrthaMkara zrI pArzvanAtha ke kAla meM isakA jIrNoddhAra IToM se huA, pazcAt caubIsaveM tIrthakAra zrI 'mahAvIra' ke jJAna prApti ke teraha sau varSoM pazcAt vappabhaTTa sUri ne isakA jIrNoddhAra kraayaa| sUri jI kA samaya IsA kI AThavIM zatAbdI hai| uparokta tathya yaha pramANita karate haiM ki 'mathurA' ke sAtha jaina-dharma kA sambandha saptama tIrthaMkara supArzvanAtha ke kAla se hI barAbara banA rahA hai aura vaha jainoM kA zraddhA sthala barAbara rahA hai| mathurA se hI prApta do jaina-stUpoM meM pahalA zuMga-kAla kA hai aura dUsarA kuSANa-kAla kA hai| saubhAgyavaza kaMkAlI TIlA nAmaka sthAna se ina donoM stUpoM ke viSaya para sahasrAdhika zilAvazeSa prApta hue haiN| ina stUpoM ko deva nirmita mAnA gayA hai| arthAt yaha ati prAcIna kAla kA hai, aura isakA nirmANa devoM dvArA huA hai / deva-nirmita vizeSaNa sabhiprAya hai| jaisA rAyapase niyasUtta meM devoM dvArA eka vizAla stUpa ke nirmANa kA varNana hai / kucha isI prakAra kI kalpanA mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle ke ina stUpoM ke lie kI jAtI hai| tibbatI-vidvAna bauddha itihAsakAra 'tArAnAtha ne azoka-kAlIna zilpa nirmAtAoM ko yakSa likhA hai / aura maurya-kAlIna zilpa-kalA ko 'yakSakalA' kI saMjJA dI hai jisase yaha dhAraNA banI kI usa yuga ke pUrva kI kalA devanirmita mAnI jAtI thii| uparokta dhvani yaha spaSTa karatI hai ki-'mathurA' kA deva nirmita jaina-stupa mauryakAla se pUrva
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________________ mathurA kA prAcIna jaina- zilpa 205 arthAt lagabhaga 5vIM yA 6vIM zatAbdI IsA pUrva kA hogA / bulhara, smitha Adi prAcyavidoM ne likhA hai ki usa samaya stUpa ke vAstavika nirmANakartAoM ke viSaya meM logoM ko vistRta jJAna rahA hogA / aura vaha jaina- stUpa itanA prAcIna mAnA jAne lagA ki usake lie deva-nirmita kalpanA bhI sambhava ho sakI / yaha tathya yaha pramANita karatA hai ki bauddha stUpoM ke nirmANa pUrva se hI jaina stUpoM kA nirmANa barAbara hotA rahA hai / jaina stUpoM ke madhya meM bubudAkAra bar3A aura U~cA thUhA hotA thA, aura usake cAroM ora vedikA aura cAroM dizAoM meM cAra toraNadvAra hote the / unake Upara hArmikA aura chatrAvalI kA vidhAna hotA thaa| yaha vedikA sahita trimedhiyoM para banAyA jAtA thA / usake cAroM pArzvoM aura vedikA stambhoM para zAlabhaMjikA mUrtiyoM kI racanA kI jAtI thI / inake bahuta se namUne kaMkAlI TIle se prApta hue haiM, jo lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM sthita haiM / jainadharma ke vividha kendra - ' mathurA' se prApta lekhoM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki puruSoM kI apekSA dAnadAtAoM meM nAriyoM kI bahulatA rahI hai| mathurA ke atirikta uttara bhArata meM jaina-dharma ke anya aneka kendra bhI the, jinameM uttara gupta-kAla tathA madhya kAla meM jaina- kalA kA vistAra hotA rahA / vartamAna bihAra va uttara-pradeza meM aneka sthAna tIrthaMkaroM ke janma, tapasyA, tathA nirvANa ke tIrtha rahe haiM / ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki ina sthaloM para dharma, kalA tathA zikSA saMsthAoM kI sthApanA kI jAya, kauzAmbI prabhAsa, zrAvastI, kampilA, ahikSetra, hastinAgapura, devagar3ha, rAjagRha, vaizAlI, mandAragiri, pAvApurI aise kSetra the 1 / uparokta sthaloM se jaina-kalA kI jo prabhUta sAmagrI prApta huI hai, usase patA calatA hai ki jainadharma ne apanI vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa bhAratIya loka jIvana ko kitanA adhika prabhAvita kiyA thA / jaina dharma kI ajasradhArA kevala uttara bhArata taka hI sImita nahIM rahI, apitu vaha bhArata ke anya bhAgoM ko pUrNarUpeNa apanAye hue thI madhya bhArata meM gvAliyara, canderI, sonAgira, khajurAho, ajayagar3ha, kuNDalapura, jarakho, ahAra, aura rAmaTeka evaM rAjasthAna tathA mAlavA meM candrAkher3I, AbUparvata, siddhavarakUTa tathA ujjaina, prasiddha kendra rahe haiM / isI prakAra gujarAta, saurASTra tathA bambaI pradeza meM giranAra, valabhI, zatruMjaya, aNahilla (la) dilavAr3A, elorA aura vAdAmI, tathA dakSiNa meM velUra, zramaNavelagolA, tathA helavIDa, ityAdi sthaloM meM jaina mUrti - kalA aura citrakalA dIrghakAla taka apanA prabhAva aura astittva nAye rahI / bhArata ke aneka rAjavaMzoM ne bhI jaina-kalA ke unnata hone meM yoga diyA hai / gupta zAsakoM ke pazcAt cAlukyarASTra, kalacuri, gaMga, kadamba, cola, tathA pAMDya Adi vaMzo ke aneka rAjAoM kA jaina-kalA ko saMrakSaNa aura protsAhana paryApta rUpa meM rahA hai / ina vaMzoM meM aneka rAjA jaina-dharma ke anuyAyI bhI the / siddharAja jayasiMha, kumArapAla, amoghavarSa, akAlavarSa tathA gaMga- vaMzIya mAnasiMha (dvitIya) kA nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / meM bhAratIya kalA kSetra kA jo hrAsa huA, kalA kendra naSTa ho gaye, aura kalA kalA ke avazeSa - madhya kAla ke pazcAt muslima kAla usase jaina - kalA bhI nahIM baca skii| uttara bhArata ke uparyukta sabhI kA pravAha jo atiprAcIna kAla se ajasra rUpa meM calA A rahA thA, avaruddha ho gayA / yadyapi pazcima tathA dakSiNa bhArata meM isa jhaMjhAvAt ke pUre capeTa meM na A sakane ke kAraNa vahA~ sthApatya aura mUrtikalA OMOMOM AcArya prava zrI Ananda anya 9 zrI Anandatra grantha
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________________ `rh h r bh ` hdh hmh mjmw`h y mh `hdh`ry yh `mrh `mh m`n` `nhm dwrh h r m yhmny h`h`h`````q`q` m` mrhfh`n`n `ry` m`rfy Movie Amaviv a avYYY 206 itihAsa aura saMskRti jIvita baca gaI kintu usameM bhI vaha sajIvatA aura svAbhAvikatA nahIM rahI, jisake darzana hameM prArambhika yugoM meM hote rahe haiM / pASANa aura dhAtu kI aneka jaina-mUrtiyA~ terahavIM se aThArahavIM zatAdvI taka kI haiM, jinameM aneka para abhilekha bhI haiM, inameM prAyaH vikrama saMvata ke sAtha dAtAroM ke nAma, gotra, kula Adi kA paricaya bhI hai| uttara-bhArata meM to bahuta hI kama aise prAcIna sthAna hoge, jahA~ jana-kalA ke avazeSa na hoN| vijanaura jile kA pArasanAtha kilA hI kaI mIloM taka vistRta araNya-pradeza banA par3A hai| isameM hI kitanI jaina-kalAkRtiyAM vikharI par3I haiN| budelakhaNDa aura rAjasthAna ke ilAkoM meM hI cAroM ora mUrtiyA~ idhara udhara lAvArisa rUpa meM vikharI par3I haiN| ina amUlya nidhiyoM ko jaina-dhvaMsAvezoM ko ekatra karanA, inakI surakSA karanA parama Avazyaka hai| abhI bhI bahuta sAmagrI dharatI ke garbha meM hai| vartamAna mathurA aura jaina-dharmaH-vartamAna 'mathurA' nagara kA sarva pradhAna-tIrtha caurAsI hai| caurAsI antima kevalI bhagavAna zrI jambUsvAmI kI nirvANa-bhUmi hai / antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke pazcAt kevala tIna kevalI hue, prathama gautama gaNadhara (indrabhUti) kA kaivalya-kAla 12 varSa rahA / dUsare kevalI bhagavAna sudharmA svAmI the, inakA bhI kaivalya-kAla 12 varSa hI rahA / tIsare kevalI bhagavAna 'jambUsvAmI' kA kaivalya-kAla 38 varSa rahA / isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pazcAt 62 varSoM meM tIna kevalI bhagavAn hae / kevalI bhagavAna zrI jambUsvAmI kA nirvANa Aja se 2437 varSa pUrva isI caurAsI kSetra meM huA hai| aisA prakhyAta hai ki usa kAla meM isa kSetra para 72 vana aura 12 upavana the| kula milAkara 84 hone ke kAraNa hI ise caurAsI kahA jAtA thaa| yaha bhI prasiddha hai ki kevalI bhagavAna zrI jambUsvAmI kA 54 varSa kI Ayu meM nirvANa huA, isIlie yaha kSetra caurAsI khlaayaa| kucha Thosa pramANa ke AdhAra para 84 nAma kI prAmANikatA upalabdha nahIM hai| kAla ke thaper3oM ne isa sthala ko 'zrI hIna banA diyA thaa| dosau varSoM pUrva yahA~ kevala eka TUTI sI chatarI aura eka vera kA vRkSa hI isa kSetra kI sampadA raha gaye the| nagaraseTha zrI lakSmIcandrajI ke munIma 'zrI manIrAma' jI ne yahA~ eka vizAla-mandira nirmANa karAyA hai| 'vRndAvana' ke mArga meM 'dhaurerahA' sthala se teisaveM tI0 zrI pArzvanAtha' kI do hajAra varSa prAcIna pratimA vi0 saM0 186 kI paM0 hukumacandra jI ko prApta huI thI, jo yahA~ virAjamAna hai| dUsarI pratimA dvitIya jaina tI0 zrI 'ajitanAtha' kI hai / yaha gvAliyara kI khudAI meM prApta huI hai| itanI bar3I khar3agAsana pratimA sambhavataH bhAratavarSa meM anyatra nahIM hai| donoM pratimAe~ atizaya pradhAna hone ke kAraNa hI isa kSetra-bhUmi ko atizaya-kSetra kahA jAtA hai| 'mathurA' kI atItAtIta-kAla se jana-dharma aura kalA ko jo dena rahI hai, usase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki-usa kSetra meM abhI bhI utkhanana aura saMgraha kI zodha meM aneka vastue~ aisI prApta hoMgI jo jaina-dharma ke astitva ko aura bhI prAcInakAla taka pahuMcAyeMgI / isa varSa bhagavAna zrI mahAvIra ke paccIsasauveM nirvANa-mahotsava ke kAryakrama ke antargata jainoM kA eka bar3A zodha saMsthAna (pUrNa bhArata varSa kI eka saMsthA) sthApita kara vahA~ purAtattvavidoM kA sahayoga prApta kara jidhara-jidhara hamAre bikhare avazeSa haiM, unheM ekatra kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai|