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________________ jambUdvIpa aura Adhunika bhaugolika mAnyatAoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana DA. harIndra bhUSaNa jaina 1. jambUdvIpa : vaidika mAnyatA vaidika logoM ko jambUdvIpa kA jJAna nahIM thaa| usa samaya kI bhaugolika siimaaeN| nimna prakAra thIM-pUrva kI ora brahmaputra nadI taka gaGgA kA maidAna, uttara-pazcima kI ora hindUkuza parvata, pazcima kI ora sindhunadI, uttara kI ora himAlaya tathA dakSiNa kI ora vindhygiri| veda meM parvata vizeSa ke nAmoM meM 'himavanta' (himAlaya ) kA nAma AtA hai / taittirIya AraNyaka ( 17 ) meM 'mahAmeru' kA spaSTa ullekha hai jise kazyapa nAmaka aSTama sUrya kabhI nhiiN| chor3atA; pratyuta sadA usakI parikramA karatA rahatA hai| isa varNana se pro0 baladeva upAdhyAya isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce ki mahAmeru se abhiprAya 'uttarI dhruva' hai|' vedoM meM samudra zabda kA ullekha hai, kintu pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke mata meM vaidika loka samudra se paricita nahIM the| bhAratIya vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM Arya loga na kevala samudra se acchI taraha paricita the apitu samudra se utpanna muktA Adi padArthoM kA bhI ve upayoga karate the| ve samudra meM lambI-lambI yAtrAe~ bhI karate the tathA sau dAr3oM vAlI lambI jahAja banA leDa kI vidyA se bhI ve paricita the / - aitareya brAhmaNa (8/3 ) meM AryamaNDala ko pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai jisake uttara himAlaya ke usapAra uttarakuru aura uttarabhadra nAmaka janapadoM kI sthiti thii| aitare brAhmaNa (8/14 ) ke anusAra kucha kuru loga himAlaya ke uttara kI ora bhI rahate the jisa 'uttarakuru' kahA gayA hai| 2. jambUdvIpa: rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata kAlIna mAnyatA rAmAyaNIya bhUgola-vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke bAla, ayodhyA evaM uttarakANDoM paryApta bhaugolika varNana upalabdha hai, kintu kiSkindhAkANDa ke 42veM sarga se 40veM sarga taka sugrIva dvArA sItA kI khoja meM samasta bAnara netAoM ko vAnara-senA ke sAtha sampUrNa dizAoM meM bhejane ke prasaMga meM tatkAlIna samasta pRthvI kA varNana upalabdha hai| 1. pro. baladeva upAdhyAya, 'vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti' zAradA mandira kAzI, 1955, dazana pariccheda, vaidika bhUgola tathA Arya nivAsa, pR0 355 2. vahI, pR0 362 3. vahI, pR0 364
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________________ jambUdvIpa aura Adhunika bhaugolika mAnyatAoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana 227. vAlmIki, jambUdvIpa, meru tathA himavAn parvata evaM uttara kuru se suparicita the :'uttareNa parikramya jambUdvIpaM divAkaraH / dRzyo bhavati bhUyiSThaM zikharaM tanmahocchrayam' ( rAmA0 4.50. 58-49) 'teSAM madhye sthito rAjA meruruttamaparvataH' ( rAmA0 4.42-38) 'anvIkSya varadAMzcaiva himavantaM vicinvatha' ( rAmA0 4.43.12) 'uttarAH kuravastatra kRtapuNyaparizramAH' ( rAmA0 4.43.28) jaina paramparA meM uttarakuru ko bhogabhUmi kahA gayA hai| rAmAyaNa ke tilaka TIkAkAra uttarakuru ko bhogabhUmi kahate haiM-'tata Arabhya uttarakurudezasya bhoga bhUmitva kathanam' (rAmA0 4 43.38 para tilaka TIkA ), jaina sAhitya meM bhoga bhUmi kA jaisA varNana prApta hotA hai vaisA hI varNana uttara kuru kA rAmAyaNa ke bAIsa zlokoM ( 4.43.38 se 60) meM upalabdha hai| unameM se kucha zloka isa prakAra haiM :-- 'nitya puSpaphalAstatra nagAH ptrrthaakulaaH| divyagandharasa sparzAH sarvakAmAn sravanti ca // nAnAkArANi vAsAMsi phalantyanye nagottamAH / sarvesukRtakarmANaH sarve ratiparAyaNAH / / sarve kAmArtha sahitA vasanti sahayoSitaH / / tatra nAmuditaH kazcinnAtra kazcidasatpriyaH / ahanyahani vardhante guNAstatra manoramAH / / ( rAmA0 4.43.43-52) . pro0 esa0 ema0 alI, bhUtapUrva adhyakSa, bhUgola vibhAga, sAgara vizvavidyAlaya mAyaNIya jambUdvIpa kI sthiti pRthvI ke bIca meM mAnate haiM jo ki bhUgola kI jaina paramparA paryApta mela khAtI hai|' rAmAyaNa ke kiSkindhA kANDa meM jambUdvIpa kA jo varNana upalabdha hotA hai vaha isa kAra hai:-jambadvIpa ke pUrva dizA meM kramazaH bhAgIrathI, sarayu Adi nadiyA~, bra gadha Adi deza tatpazcAt lavaNa samudra, yavadvIpa ( jAvA ), suvarNarUpyaka dvIpa (boniyo), zira parvata, zoNanada, lohita samudra, kUTazAlmalI, kSIroda sAgara, RSabhaparvata, sudarzana DAga, jalodasAgara, kanakaprabhaparvata, udaya parvata tathA saumanasa parvata, isake pazcAt pUrva dizA jamya hai| anta meM devaloka hai| jambUdvIpa ke dakSiNa dizA meM kramazaH vindhyaparvata, narmadA, godAvarI Adi nadiyA~, khala, utkala, dazArNa, avantI, vidarbha, Andhra, cola, pANDaya, kerala Adi deza, malaya parvata, inaparNI nadI, mahAnadI, mahendra, puSpitaka, sUryavAn, vaidyuta evaM kuJjara nAmaka parvata, bhogavatI rI, RSabha parvata, tatpazcAt yama kI rAjadhAnI pitRloka / ha, zrI esa0 ema0 alI, F. N. I. 'The Geography of the Puranas.' People's PubliE shing House, New Delhi, 1973, Page 21-23. (saMkSipta rUpa---'Geo. of Puranast
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________________ 228 DaoN0 harIndra bhUSaNa jaina jambadvIpa ke pazcima meM kramazaH saurASTra, vAhlIka, candracitra (janapada), pazcima samudra, somagiri, pAripAtra, vajramahAgiri, cakravAt tathA varAha (parvata), prAgjyotiSapuram sarvasauvarNa, meru evaM astAcala ( parvata ) aura aMta meM varuNaloka / isI prakAra jambUdvIpa ke uttara meM kramazaH himavAn (parvata), bharata, kuru, madra, kamboja, yavana, zaka (deza), kAla, sudarzana, devasakhA, kailAsa, krauJca, mainAka. (parvata), uttarakuru deza tathA somagiri aura aMta meM brahmaloka / mahAbhAratIya bhUgola mahAbhArata ke bhISma, Adi, sabhA, vana, azvamedha evaM udyoga paryoM meM bhArata kA bhaugolika varNana upalabdha hai| tadanusAra jambUdvIpa aura krauJcadvIpa meru ke pUrva meM tathA zakadvIpa merI uttara meM hai| __ mahAbhAratIya bhUgola meM pRthvI ke madhya meM meru parvata hai| isake uttara dizA meM pUrva pazcima taka phaile kramazaH bhadravarSa, ilAvarta tathA uttara kuru haiN| tatpazcAt punaH uttara kI ora kramazaH nIla parvata, zveta varSa, zveta parvata, hiraNyaka varSa, zRGgavAna parvata haiN| pazcAta airAvataka aura kSIra samudra hai| isI prakAra meru ke dakSiNa meM pazcima se pUrva taka phaile hue ketumAla evaM jambUdvIpa haiM / pazcAt punaH dakSiNa kI ora kramazaH niSadha parvata, harivarSa, hemakUTa yA kailA himavata varSa, himAlaya parvata, bhAratavarSa tathA lavaNasamudra haiN| yaha varNana jaina bhaugoli paramparA ke bahuta nikaTa hai| 3. jambUdvIpa : paurANika mAnyatA prAyaH samasta hindU purANoM meM pRthvI aura usase sambandhita dvIpa, samudra, parvata, na kSetra Adi kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai| purANoM meM pRthvI ko sAta dvIpa-samudroM vAlA mA gayA hai| ye dvIpa aura samudra kramazaH eka dUsare ko gherate cale gae haiN| isa bAta se prAyaH sabhI purANa sahamata haiM ki jambUdvIpa pRthvI ke madhya meM sthita aura lavaNa samudra use ghere hue hai / anya dvIpa samudroM ke nAma aura sthiti ke bAre meM sabhI pura ekamata nahIM haiN| bhAgavata, garuDa, vAmana, brahma, mArkaNDeya, liGga, kUrma, brahmANDa, agni, devI tathA viSNu purANoM ke anusAra sAta dvIpa aura samudra kramazaH isa prakAra haiM 1-jambU-dvIpa tathA lavaNa samudra, 2-plakSa dvIpa tathA ikSu sAgara, 3-zAlmalI dvIpa surA sAgara, 4-kuzadvIpa tathA sarpiS sAgara, 5-krauJcadvIpa tathA dadhisAgara, 6-zaka dvIpa kSIra sAgara aura 7-puSkaradvIpa tathA svAdusAgara / / 4. jambaddhIpa-jaina mAnyatA samasta jainapurANa, tattvArthasUtra (tRtIya adhyAya ), triloka prajJapti Adi sm| 1. zrI esa0 eca0 alI 'The Greography of the Puranas', pR0 32 tathA pR0 32-3 #4 # fpera Fig. No. 2. 'The World of the Mahabharat.--Diagrammatic'. 2. 'Geo of Puranas'. pR0 28, adhyAya II Puranic Continents and oceans.
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________________ jambUdvIpa aura Adhunika bhaugolika mAnyatAoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana 229 vizva kA bhaugolika varNana upalabdha hotA hai| loka ke tIna vibhAga kie gae haiM-adholoka, madhyaloka tathA Urdhvaloka / meru parvata ke Upara Urdhvaloka, nIce adholoka evaM meru kI jar3a se coTI paryanta madhyaloka hai| madhyaloka ke madhya meM jambUdvIpa hai, jo lavaNa samudra se ghirA hai| samudra ke cAroM ora dhAtakIkhaNDa nAmaka mahAdvIpa hai| dhAtakIkhaNDa dvIpa ko kAlodadhi samudra veSTita kie hue haiM / anantara puSkaravaradvIpa, puSkaravarasamudra Adi asaMkhyAta dvIpa samudra haiN| puSkaravaradvIpa ke madhya meM mAnuSottara parvata hai jisase isa dvIpa ke do bhAga ho gae haiM / ataH jambUdvIpa dhAtakIkhaNDa aura puSkarArddha dvIpa, inheM manuSya kSetra kahA gayA hai| jambUdvIpa kA AkAra sthAlI ke samAna gola hai| isakA vistAra eka lAkha yojana hai| isake bIca meM eka lAkha cAlIsa yojana U~cA meru parvata hai| manuSya kSetra ke pazcAt chaha dvIpasamudroM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM - vAruNIvara dvIpa-vAruNIvara samudra, kSIravara dvIpa, kSIravara samudra, ghRtavara dvIpa-ghRtavara samudra, ikSuvara dvIpa-ikSuvara samudra, nandIzvara dvIpa-nandIzvara samudra, aruNavara dvIpa-aruNavara samudra, isa prakAra svayaMbhU ramaNa samudra paryanta asaMkhyAta dvIpa samudra haiN| jambUdvIpa ke antargata sAta kSetra, chaha kulAcala aura caudaha nadiyA~ haiN| himavAn, mahAhimavAn, niSadha, nIla, rukmI aura zikharI ye chaha kulAcala haiN| ye pUrva se pazcima taka lambe haiN| ye jina sAta kSetroM ko vibhAjita karate haiM unake nAma haiM-bharata, haimavata, hari, videha, ramyaka, hairaNyavata aura airaavt| ina sAtoM kSetroM meM bahane vAlI caudaha nadiyoM ke kramazaH sAta yugala haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM :- gaGgA-sindhu, rohit-rohitAsyA, harit-harikAntA, sItA-sItodA, nArI-narakAntA, suvarNakUlA-rUpyakUlA tathA rktaa-rktodaa| ina nadI yugaloM meM se pratyeka yugala kI pahalI nadI pUrva samudra ko jAtI hai aura dUsarI nadI pazcima samudra ko| bharata kSetra kA vistAra pA~ca sau chabbIsa sahI chaha baTe unnIsa (526.6) yojana hai| videha paryanta parvata aura kSetroM kA vistAra bharata-kSetra ke vistAra se dviguNita hai| uttara ke kSetra aura parvatoM kA vistAra dakSiNa ke kSetra aura parvatoM ke samAna hai| jambUdvIpa ke antargata deva kuru aura uttara kuru nAmaka do bhoga bhUmiyA~ haiM / uttara kuru kI sthiti sItodA nadI ke taTa para hai| yahA~ ke nivAsiyoM kI icchAoM kI pUrti kalpavRkSoM se hotI hai| inake atirikta haimavata, hari, ramyaka tathA hairaNyavata kSetra bhI bhogabhUmiyA~ haiN| zeSa bharata, airAvata aura videha (devakaru aura uttara kuru ko chor3akara) karma bhUmiyA~ haiN| bharata kSetra himavAn kulAcala ke dakSiNa meM pUrva-pazcimI samudroM ke bIca sthita hai| isa kSetra meM sukozala, avantI, puNDra, azmaka, kuru, kAzI, kaliGga, aGga, baGga, kAzmIra, vatsa, pAJcAla, mAlava, kaccha, magadha vidarbha, mahArASTra, surASTra, koMkaNa Andhra, karnATaka, kozala, cola. kerala, zUrasena, videha, gAndhAra, kAmboja, bAlhIka, turuSkA zaka, kekaya Adi dezoM kI racanA mAnI gayI hai|' 1. DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI-Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata', gaNezaprasAda varNI granthamAlA vArANasI, 1968, pR0 36-44 'AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhUgola' prathama pariccheda tathA tattvArthasUtra kI 'sarvArthasiddhi' TIkA, sampAdaka paM0 phUlacandra zAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 1965 tRtIya adhyAya pR0 211-222
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________________ DA0 harIndra bhUSaNa jaina 5. jamba dvIpa evaM Adhunika bhaugolika mAnyatAoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana saptadvIpa-viSNupurANa, matsyapurANa, vAyupurANa aura brahmANDa purANa prabhRti purANoM meM saptadvIpa aura saptasAgara vasundharA kA varNana AyA hai| yaha varNana jaina harivaMza parANa aura AdiparANa kI apekSA bahata bhinna hai| mahAbhArata meM teraha dvIpoM kA ullekha hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra pratipAdita asaMkhya dvIpa-samudroM meM jambU, krauJca aura puSkara dvIpa ke nAma vaidika purANoM meM sarvatra Ae haiN| samudroM ke varNana ke prasaMga meM viSNupurANa meM jala ke svAda ke AdhAra para sAta samudra batalAye gae haiN| jaina paramparA meM bhI asaMkhyAta samudroM ko jala ke svAda ke AdhAra para sAta hI vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| lavaNa surA, ghRta, dugdha, zubhodaka, ikSu aura madhuraina sAta vargoM meM samasta samudra vibhakta haiM / viSNapurANa meM 'dadhi' kA nirdeza hai, jaina paraMparA meM ise 'zubhodaka' kahA hai| ataH jala ke svAda kI dRSTi se sAta prakAra kA vargIkaraNa donoM hI paraMparAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra vaidika paurANika mAnyatA meM antima dvIpa puSkaravara hai, usI prakAra jaina mAnyatA meM bhI manuSya loka kA sImAnta yahI puSkarArdha hai| tulanA karane se pratIta hotA hai ki manuSya loka kI sImA mAnakara hI vaidika mAnyatAoM meM dvIpoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM mAnya jambU, dhAtakI aura puSkarArdha, ina DhAI dvIpoM meM vaidika paramparA meM mAnya saptadvIpa samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| yadyapi krauJcadvIpa kA nAma donoM mAnyatAoM meM samAna rUpa se AyA hai, para sthAna-nirdeza kI dRSTi se donoM meM bhinnatA hai|' bauddha paramparA meM kevala cAra dvIpa mAne gae haiN| samudra meM eka golAkAra sone kI thAlI para svarNamaya sumeru giri sthita hai| sumeru ke cAroM ora sAta parvata aura sAta samudra haiN| ina sAta svarNamaya parvatoM ke bAhara kSIra sAgara hai aura kSIra sAgara meM cAra dvIpa avasthita haiM :--kuru, godAna, videha aura jambU / ina dvIpoM ke atirikta choTe-choTe aura bhI do hajAra dvIpa haiN|2 Adhunika bhaugolika mAnyatA paurANika saptadvIpoM kI Adhunika bhaugolika pahicAna ( Identification ) tathA sthiti ke viSaya meM do prakAra ke mata pAe jAte haiN| prathama mata ke anusAra saptadvIpa ( jambU, plakSa, zAlmalI, kuza, krauJca, zaka tathA puSkara ) kramazaH Adhunika chaha mahAdvIpa-eziyA, yoropa, aphrIkA, AsTreliyA, uttarI amerikA tathA dakSiNI amerikA evaM eNTArTikA ( dakSiNI dhruva pradeza ) kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| dvitIya mata ke anusAra ye saptadvIpa pRthvI ke Adhunika vibhinna pradezoM ke pUrvarUpa haiN| isameM bhI tIna mata pradhAna haiM1. DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI 'Adi purANa'... 'bhArata' pR0 39-40 2. eca0 sI0 rAyacaudharI, Studies in Indian Antiquities'. 66, P. T.5
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________________ jambUdvIpa aura Adhunika bhaugolika mAnyatAoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana 231 (ka) jambU ( iNDiyA ), plakSa ( arAkAta tathA barmA), kuza ( sunda-ArcIpilAgo), zAlmalI ( malAyA prAyadvIpa), krauJca ( dakSiNa iNDiyA ), zaka ( kamboja ) tathA puSkara ( uttarI cIna tathA maMgoliyA ) / (kha) jambU ( iNDiyA), kuza ( IrAna ), plakSa ( eziyA mAinara ), zAlmalI ( madhya yoropa), krauJca ( pazcima yoropa ), zaka ( briTiza dvIpa samUha ) tathA puSkara (AIsalaiNDa)2 . (ga) jambU (iNDiyA), krauJca (eziyA mAinara), gomeda (koma DI TAraTarI-Kome die Tartary), puSkara (turkistAna), zaka (sIthiyA), kuza (IrAna, arebiyA tathA ithiyopiyA), plakSa (grIsa) tathA zAlmalI (sarameTiyA-Sarmatia ?)2 kintu prasidra bhAratIya bhUgola zAstrI DaoN0 esa0 ema0 alI uparyukta cAroM matoM se sahamata nahIM haiN| purANoM meM prApta tattatpradeza kI AbahavA (Climate ) tathA vanaspatiyoM (Vegetation) ke vizeSa adhyayana se saptadvIpoM kI Adhunika pahicAna ke viSaya meM ve jisa niSkarSa para pahu~ce vaha isa prakAra haiM jambUdvIpa (bhArata), zakadvIpa (malAyA, zyAma, iNDo-cIna, tathA cIna kA dakSiNa pradeza), kuzadvIpa (IrAna, IrAka)' plakSa dvIpa (bhUmadhyasAgara kA kachAra), puSkaradvIpa (skeNDineviyana pradeza), phinalaiNDa, yoropiyana rUsa kA uttarI pradeza tathA sAiberiyA), zAlmalI dvIpa (aphrIkA IsTa-iMDIja, meDAgAskara) tathA krauJcadvIpa (kRSNa sAgara kA kachAra)4 meru parvata jaina paramparA meM meru ko jambUdvIpa kI nAbhi kahA hai-'tanmadhye merunAbhirvatto yojanazata sahasraviSkambho jambadrIpaH' ( tattvArthasatra 3-9), arthAt meru jambadvIpa ke bilkala madhya meM hai| isakI U~cAI 1 lAkha 40 yojana hai| isameM se eka hajAra yojana jamIna meM hai, cAlIsa yojana kI aMta meM coTI hai aura zeSa ninyAnabe hajAra yojana samatala se cUlikA taka hai| prArambha meM jamIna para meru parvata kA vyAsa dasa hajAra yojana hai jo Upara krama se ghaTatA gayA hai| meru parvata ke tIna khaNDa haiN| pratyeka khaNDa ke anta meM eka eka kaTanI hai| yaha cAra vanoM se suzobhita hai-eka jamIna para aura tIna ina kaTaniyoM pr| inake krama se nAma haiM-bhadrazAla, nandana, saumanasa aura paanndduk| ina cAroM vanoM meM, cAroM dizAoM meM eka-eka vana meM cAracAra isa hisAba se solaha caityAlaya haiN| pANDukavana meM cAroM dizAoM meM cAra pANDuka zilAyeM 1. Cot Gerini 'Researches On Pltolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia' (1909) Page-725 2. F. Wilford-Asiatic Researches' Vol. VIII, Page 267-346 B. V. V. Iyer ---The Seven Dwipas of the Puranas' - The Quarterly Journan of the Mythical Society ( London ), 15, No. 1. p. 62, Vol. No. 2, pp 119-127, No. 3. pp. 238-45, Vol. 16, No. 4. pp. 273-82 4. DaoN0 eca0 eca0 alI 'Geo of Puranas' p. 39-46. (Ch. II. Puranic continents and Oceans).
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________________ 232 DA0 harIndra bhUSaNa jaina haiM jina para usa-usa dizA ke kSetroM meM utpanna hue tIrthaMkaroM kA abhiSeka hotA hai| isakA raMga pIlA hai| vedoM meM meru nahIM hai| taittirIya AraNyaka ( 1.7.1.3.) meM 'mahAmeru' hai kintu isakI pahacAna ke bAre meM kucha bhI ullekha nahIM hai| rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, bauddha evaM jaina Agama sAhitya meM isake pariNAma tathA sthAna ke bAre meM prAyaH eka jaise hI kathana upalabdha haiN| paraziyana, grIka, cAinIja, jyUja tathA arabI loga bhI apane-apane dharmagranthoM meM meru kA varNana karate haiN| nAma, sthAna Adi ke viSaya meM bheda hote hue bhI kendrIya vicAradhArA vahI hai jaisA hindU purANoM meM isakA varNana hai| jorosTriyana dharmagrantha ke anusAra ala-burja ( Al-Burj) nAmaka parvata ne hI pRthvI ke samasta parvatoM ko janma diyA aura isI se vizva jala se AplAvita karane vAlI nadiyA~ nikliiN| yahI ala-barja, meru hai| cAinIja logoM kA vizvAsa hai ki 'tsiga liMga' ( Tsing-Ling ) hI meruparvata hai| isI se vizva ke samasta parvata aura nadiyA~ nikliiN| meru ke parimANa aura AkAra ke viSaya meM viSNupurANa meM ullekha hai ki sabhI dvIpoM ke madhya meM jambUdvIpa hai aura jambUdvIpa ke madhya meM svarNagiri meru hai| isakI samasta U~cAI eka lAkha yojana hai, jisameM se 16 hajAra yojana pRthvI ke nIce aura caurAsI hajAra yojana pRthvI ke Upara hai| coTI para isakA gherA battIsa hajAra yojana tathA mUla meM solaha hajAra yojana hai, ataH isakA AkAra aisA pratIta hotA hai mAno yaha pRthvIrUpI kamala kA 'kamalagaTTA' (Seedcup) ho / padmapurANa ke anusAra isakA AkAra dhatUre ke puSpa jaisA ghaNTe ke AkAra (Bellshape) kA hai| vAyupurANa ke anusAra cAroM dizAoM meM phailI isakI zAkhAoM ke varNa pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima aura uttara meM kramazaH zveta, pIta, kRSNa aura rakta haiM / sIlona ke buddhisTa logoM ke anusAra meru kA gherA sarvatra eka jaisA hai| nepAlI paramparA ke anusAra isakA AkAra Dhola jaisA hai| Adhunika bhaugolika mAnyatA meru kI upayukta sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue aba hameM usake vartamAna svarUpa aura sthAna ke viSaya meM vicAra karanA caahie| himAlaya tathA usake pAra ke kSetra (Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan Zone) meM pA~ca unnata pradeza haiN| purANoM meM prApta meru ke vivaraNa ke AdhAra para, ina unnata pradezoM kI tulanA meru se kI jA sakatI hai| ye pradeza haiM 1-karAkorama (Karakoram) parvata zRGkhalAoM se ghirA kSetra, 2-dhaulagiri (Dhaulagiri) parvata zRGkhalAoM se ghirA kSetra, 1. sarvArthasiddhi-tRtIya adhyAya pR0 211-222 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 2. DaoN0 esa0 ema0 alI Geo of Puranas, ch. III ( The Mountain System of the Puranas) pR0 47-48
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________________ jambUdvIpa aura Adhunika bhaugolika mAnyatAoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana 233 3-evaresTa ( Everest ) parvata zRMkhalAoM se ghirA kSetra, 4-himAlayana Aksa (Himalayan Arcs) tathA kuna-luna (Kun-lun) parvata se ghirA huA tibbata kA paThAra, tathA 5-hindUkuza (Hindu-Kush), karAkorama, TIna-zAna ( Tienshan) tathA alAha pAra parvata zRMkhalA (Trans-Alai system) kI barpha se DhakI coTiyoM se ghirA pAmIra kA unnata paThAra / ina pA~coM unnata pradezoM meM se pAmIra ke paThAra' se meru kI tulanA karanA aura bhI adhika sahI aura yuktiyukta pratIta hotA hai / / pAmIra aura meru meM nAma kA bhI sAdRzya hai pA--mIra=meru / yadi pAmIra ke paThAra se meru kI tulanA sahI hai to purANoM meM pratipAdita jambUdvIpa ke pArzvavartI pradhAna parvatoM kI bhI pahacAna kI jA sakatI hai| purANoM ke anusAra meru ke uttara meM tIna parvata haiM - nIla, zveta [jaina paramparA ke anusAra 'rukmI' ] aura zRGgavAn [ jai0 pa0 zikharI], ye tInoM parvata, ramyaka, hiraNmaya [ jai0 pa0 hairaNyavat ] tathA kuru [ jai0 pa0--airAvat ] kSetroM ke sImAnta parvata haiN| isI prakAra meru ke dakSiNa meM bhI tIna parvata haiM-niSadha, hemakUTa [jai0 pa0-mahAhimavAn ] tathA himavAn / ye tInoM parvata, himavarSa [ jai0 pa0 hari ], kimpuruSa [ jai0 pa0-haimavat ] aura bhAratavarSa [ jai0 pa0-bharata ] kSetroM ke sImAnta parvata haiN| ye chahoM parvata pUrva aura pazcima meM lavaNa samudra taka phaile haiN| ina sabhI parvatoM kI tulanA vartamAna bhUgola se isa prakAra kI jA sakatI hai1-zRGgavAn [zikharI] kI karA tAu-kiragIta-ketamAna parvatazRGkhalA [Kara Tau Krighiz-Ketman Chain] se, 2--- zveta [rukmI] kI nUrA tAu-turkistAna-atabAsI parvata zRGkhalA [Nura Tau ___Turkistan-Atbasi Chain] se, 3-nIla kI jaraphazAna-TrAnsa-allAha-TIna zAna parvata zRGkhalA se, 4-niSadha kI hindUkuza tathA kunaluna parvata zRGkhalA se 5-hemakUTa [mahAhimavAn] kI laddAkha-kailAza-TrAnsahimAlayana parvata zRGkhalA se tathA 6-himavAn kI himAlaya parvata zRMkhalA [Great Himalayan range] se / ' jamba dvIpa jaisA ki hama pahale kaha cuke haiM, purANoM meM meru pAmIrsa] nIla ke uttara meM kramazaH tIna parvata mAlAyeM haiM jo pUrva-pazcima lambI haiM-nIla, jo ki meru ke sabase nikaTa aura sabase lambI parvatamAlA hai, zveta. jo ki nIla se kucha choTI aura usase uttara kI ora Age hai, tathA antima zRGgavAn, jo ki sabase choTI tathA zveta se uttara kI ora Age hai| 1. DA0 esa0 ema0 alI Geo. of Puranas pR0 50 se 53 taka
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________________ 234 DA. harIndra bhUSaNa jaina jaina paramparA ke anusAra bhI meru ke uttara meM tIna varSadhara parvata haiM-nIla, rukmI aura shikhrii| donoM (jaina-vaidika) paramparAoM meM kevala nIla parvatamAlA kA hI nAma sAdRzya nahIM hai apitu rukmI [zveta] aura zikharI [zRGgavAn] parvatamAlA kA bhI nAma sAdRzya hai| ina parvatoM kI Adhunika bhaugolika tulanA bhI hama vibhinna parvatamAlAoM se kara cuke haiN| ___ina parvatamAlAoM tathA uttarI samudra [ArkaTika ozana] arthAt lavaNa samudra ke bIca kramazaH, nIla aura zveta [rukmI] ke bIca ramyaka yA ramaNaka [jaina paramparA meM ramyaka] varSa, zveta aura zRGgavAn [ jai0 pa0 meM zikharI ] ke bIca hiraNyaka [ jai0 pa0 meM hairaNyavat ] tathA zRGgavAn aura uttarI samudra-lavaNa samudra ke bIca uttarakuru yA zRGgAsaka [ jaina paramparA meM airAvata ] nAma ke varSa kSetra haiN|' jamba dvIpa kA uttarI kSetra sabase pahale hama ramyaka kSetra ko lete haiM / jaina paramparA meM bhI isakA nAma ramyaka varSakSetra hai / isake dakSiNa meM nIla tathA uttara meM zveta parvata hai| hamArI pahacAna ke anusAra nIla, nUratAu-turkistAna parvatamAlAe~ haiM aura zveta, jaraphazAna-hisAra parvata mAlAe~ haiM / - yaha prasiddha hai ki eziyA ke bhUbhAga meM ati prAcIna kAla meM do rAjyoM kI sthApanA huI thI-Aksasa (Oxus River) nadI ke kachAra meM bekTriyA rAjya (Bactria) tathA jaraphazAna nadI aura kazakA dariyA (River Jarafshan and Kashka Darya) ke kachAra meM sogadiyAnA rAjya ( Sogdiana ) Aja se 2500 yA 2000 varSa pUrva ye donoM rAjya atyanta ghane rUpa se base the|| yahA~ ke nivAsI utkRSTa khetI karate the| yahA~ nahareM thiiN| vyApAra aura hastakalA kauzala meM bhI ye rAjya pravINa the| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki 'samarakaMda' kI sthApanA 3000 I0 pU0 huI thii| ataH 'sogadiyAnA' ko hama mAnava saMsthiti kA sabase prAcIna saMsthAna kaha sakate haiM / 'sogadiyAnA' kA nIla aura zveta parvatamAlAoM se tathA par3osI rAjya, bekTriyA ( ketumAla ), jisakA hama Age varNana kareMge, se vizeSa saMbaMdhoM para vicAra karane para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki paurANikA 'ramyaka' varSa prAcInakAla kA 'sogadiyAnA' rAjya hai| bukhArA kA eka jilA pradeza jisakA nAma 'rometana' ( Rometan ) hai, saMbhavataH 'ramyaka' kA hI apabhraMza hai| dUsarA kSetra, jo ki zveta aura zRGgavAn parvatamAlAoM ke madhya sthita hai, hiraNyavat hai / / hiraNyavat kA artha hai suvarNavAlA prdesh| jaina paramparA meM ise 'hairaNyavat' kahA gayA hai / isa kSetra meM bahane vAlI nadI kA paurANika nAma hai 'hiraNyavatI' / Adhunika jaraphazAna nadI isI pradeza meM bahatI hai / jaina paramparA ke anusAra isa nadI kA nAma suvarNakalA hai| yaha eka mahattvapUrNa bAta hai ki hiraNyavatI. suvarNakalA aura jaraphazAna tInoM ke lagabhaga eka hI artha haiM-hiraNyavatI kA artha hai-jahA~ suvarNa prApta ho, suvarNakUlA kA artha hai-jisake taTa para suvarNa ho aura jarapha zAna kA artha hai--suvarNa ko phailAne vAlI ( Sea Heres of gold ). 1. DA0 esa0 ema0 alI Geo. of Puranas adhyAya 5 Regions of Jambu Dwip-Northernal Regions pR0 73
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________________ jambUdvIpa aura Adhunika bhaugolika mAnyatAoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana 235 tRtIya kSetra, jo ki zRGgavAn parvata ke uttara meM hai, uttarakuru hai| jaina paramparA meM ise airAvata varNa kahA gayA hai| yaha pradeza A rAvata varNa kahA gayA hai| yaha pradeza Adhanika irTiza ( Irtysh) dI oba ( The ob) izIma ( Ishim ) Tobola ( Tobol ) nadiyoM kA kachAra pradeza hai| dUsare zabdoM meM Adhunika bhaugolika vargIkaraNa ke anusAra yaha kSetra sAiberiyA kA pazcimI pradeza hai| isa prakAra jambUdvIpa kA yaha uttarI kSetra eka bahuta lambe pradeza ko gheratA hai jo ki ta aura kespiyana sAgara se lekara yenIsAi nadI ( Yenisei River-US.S.R.) taka tathA turkistAna-TIna zAna parvatamAlA se lekara ArkaTika samudra taka jAtA hai|' jambadvIpa kA pazcimI kSetra ketumAla meru ( pAmIrsa ) kA pazcima pradeza ketumAla hai| jaina bhUgola ke anusAra yaha videha kA pazcima bhAga hai| isake dakSiNa meM niSadha aura uttara meM nIla parvata hai| niSadha parvata ko Adhunika bhUgola ke anusAra hindUkuza tathA kunaluna parvatamAlA ( Hindukush-Kunlun ) mAnA gayA hai| yaha ketumAla pradeza cakSu nadI ( Oxus River ) tathA AmU dariyA kA kachAra hai| isake pazcima meM kespiyana sAgara ( Caspean Sea ) hai jisameM Aksasa nadI bahakara milatI hai| isake uttara-pazcima meM tUrAna kA registAna hai / isa pradeza ko hindU purANa meM ilAvRta kahA gayA hai / isa pradeza meM sItodA nadI bahatI hai / isI pradeza meM bekTriyA rAjya thA jise hama pahale kaha cuke haiN| ___ jambUdvIpa kA pUrvI kSetra bhadravarSa meru ke pUrva kA yaha pradeza 'bhadravarSa' ke nAma se hindUpurANoM meM kahA gayA hai / jaina bhUgola ke anusAra yaha videha kA pUrvI bhAga hai / isake uttara meM nIla ( Tien Shan Renge ) tathA dakSiNa meM niSadha ( Hindukush-Kunlun ) parvatamAlA hai / isake pazcima meM devakUTa aura pUrva meM samudra hai| Adhunika bhUgola ke anusAra yaha pradeza tarIma tathA hvAMgaho ( Tarim and Hwangho) nadiyoM kA kachAra hai| dUsare zabdoM meM sampUrNa sikiyAMga ( Sikiang ) tathA uttara-cIna pradeza isameM samAviSTa hai / yahA~ sItA nadI bahatI hai / saMkSepa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhadravarSa pradeza ( pUrva videha ) ke antargata uttarI cIna, dakSiNI cIna tathA tsigaliMga ( Tsing-Ling ) parvata kA dakSiNI pradeza AtA hai| yahA~ ke nivAsI pItavarNa ke haiN| Adhunika bhUgola ke anusAra isa nadI kA nAma kijila sU ( KigilSu ) hai| 1. DaoN0 esa0 ema0 alI Geo. of Puranas pp. 83-87 ( chap. v Regions of Jambu Dwipa : Northern Regions. Ramanaka Hiranmaya and Uttar Kuru. 2. vahI pp. 88-98 : ( Chap. VI Regions of Jambu Dwipa-Ketumala 3. vahI pp. 99-108. Chap. VII Regions of Jambu Dwipa : Bhadravarsa.
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________________ 236 DA0 harIndra bhUSaNa jaina jambUdvIpa kA dakSiNI kSetra jambUdvIpa ke dakSiNa-pradeza kA varNana meru ke prasaMga meM kiyA jA cukA hai| tadanusAra meru (pAmIrsa ) ke dakSiNa meM niSadha, hemakUTa (jaina paramparA meM mahAhimavAn ) tathA himavAn parvata haiM aura ina parvatoM se vibhAjita kSetra ke nAma haiM, kramazaH himavarSa (jaina para0 meM hari) kiMpuruSa (jaina para0 meM haimavata aura bhAratavarSa ) (jai0 paraM0 meM bharata ) / yaha sabhI pradeza meru (pAmIrsa) se lekara hindamahAsAgara taka kA samajhanA caahie| bhArata ke dakSiNa tathA pUrva-pazcima meM jo kramazaH hinda mahAsAgara evaM prazAnta tathA arabasAgara haiM vahIM lavaNa samudra hai| jambUdvIpa aura bhAratavarSa : paurANika itihAsa viSNu purANa (2.1.) ke anusAra svayaMbhU-manu ke do putra the priyavrata aura uttAnapAda / priyavrata ne samasta pRthvI ke sAta bhAga (saptadvIpa) karake unheM apane sAta putroM meM bAMTa diyAagnidhra ko jambUdvIpa, medhAtithi ko plakSa, vapuSmat ko zAlmalI, jyotiSmat ko kuza, dyutimat ko krauJca, bhavya ko zaka aura zabala ko puSkara dviip| jambUdvIpa ke rAjA agnIdhra ke nau putra the| unhoMne jambUdvIpa ke nau bhAga karake unheM apane nau putroM meM bA~Ta diyA--himavat kA dakSiNabhAga 'hima' ( bhAratavarSa ) nAbhi ko diyaa| isI prakAra hemakUTa kimpuruSa ko, niSadha tarivarSa ko, meru ke madhyavAlA bhAga ilAvRta ko, isa pradeza aura nIla parvata ke madhyavAlA bhAga ramya ko| isake uttara vAlA zveta pradeza hiraNyavat ko, zRGgavAn parvata se ghirA zveta kA uttara pradeza kuru ko, meru ke pUrva kA pradeza bhadrAzva ko tathA gandhamAdana evaM meru ke pazcima kA pradeza ketumAla ko diyaa| _nAbhi ke sau putra the unameM sabase jyeSTha bharata the| nAbhi ne apane pradeza 'hima' arthAt bhAratavarSa ko nau bhAgoM meM vibhakta karake apane putroM meM bA~Ta diyA / mArkaNDeya purANa ke anusAra bhArata varSa ke ve nau bhAga isa prakAra haiM--indradvopa, kaserumAn, tAmraparNa, gabhastimAn, nAgadvIpa, saumya, gandharva, varuNa tathA kumArikA yA kumaarii| jaina paramparA ke anusAra nAbhi aura marudevI ke putra, prathama tIrthaMkara RSabha, yuga puruSa the| unhoMne vizva ko asi, masi, kRSi, sevA, vANijya aura zilpa rUpa saMskRti pradAna kii| unake eka sau eka putra the| inameM bharata aura bAhubalI pradhAna the| saMsAra se virakta hokara dIkSA grahaNa karane se pUrva RSabha ne sampUrNa pRthvI kA rAjya apane samasta putroM ko bA~Ta diyaa| bAhubalI ko podana kA rAjya milaa| bharata cakravartI samrAT hue, jinake nAma se yaha bhArata varSa prasiddha huaa| isa paurANika AkhyAna se tIna bAteM spaSTataH pratIta hotI haiM - (a) kisI eka mUla srota se vizva kI puruSa jAti kA prArambha huaa| yaha bAta Adhunika vijJAna kI usa manojeniSTa thiyarI (Monogenist Theory) ke anusAra sahI hai jo mAnatI hai ki manuSya jAti ke vibhinna prakAra prANizAstra kI dRSTi se eka hI varga ke haiN|
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________________ 237 jambUdvIpa ora Adhunika bhaugolika mAnyatAoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana (A) kisI eka hI kendrIya malasrota se nikalakara sAta mAnava-samUhoM ne sAta vibhinna bhAgoM ko vyApta svatantra rUpa se pRthak-pRthak mAnava sabhyatA kA vikAsa kiyaa| yaha siddhAnta bhI Adhunika naijJAnika dRSTikoNa se sammata hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki vizva kI prAthamika jAtiyoM ne pRthivI ke vibhinna vAtAvaraNoM vAle sAta pradezoM ko vyApta kara tattatpradezoM ke vAtAvaraNa ke prabhAva meM apanI zArIrika viziSTa AkRtiyoM kA vikAsa kiyaa| (i) pazcAt pRthvI ke ina sAta bhAgoM meM se (purANoM ke anusAra jambUdvIpa meM ) nau mAnava samUhoM ne jo nau pradezoM ko vyApta kiyA unameM bhAratavarSa bhI eka hai|' bhAratavarSa bhArata varSa se prAyaH iNDiyA upamahAdvIpa jAnA jAtA hai| kintu prAcIna videzI sAhitya meM samagra iNDiyA upamahAdvIpa ke lie koI eka nAma nahIM hai| vaidika AryoM ne paMjAba pradeza ko 'saptasindhava' nAma diyaa| bodhAyana aura manu ke samaya meM AryoM ke karma kSetra ko 'AryAvarta' nAma diyA gyaa| Deriyas ( Darius ) tathA heroDoTasa (Herodotus) ne sindhughATI tathA gaGgA ke uttarI pradeza ko 'iNDa' 'yA iNDU' (hindU) nAma diyaa| kAtyAyana ora megAsthanIja ne sUdUra dakSiNa meM pAMDya rAjya taka phaile kA varNana kiyA hai| rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata bhI pANDaya rAja tathA baMgAla kI khAr3I taka phaile bhAratavarSa kA varNana karate haiN| ___ azoka ke samaya meM bhArata kI sImA uttara-pazcima meM hindUkuza taka aura dakSiNa-pUrva mAtrA-jAvA taka pahu~ca gaI thii| kaniGgama ne isa samasta pradeza ko vizAla bhArata (Greater India) nAma diyA aura bhArata varSa ke navadvIpoM se isakI samAnatA sthApita kii| isa prakAra Adhunika bhaugolika mAnyatAoM ke anusAra jambUdvIpa kA vistAra uttara meM sAiberiyA pradeza (ArkaTika ozana), dakSiNa me hindamahAsAgara aura usake dvIpa samUha, pUrva meM cIna-jApAna (prazAnta mahAsAgara ) tathA pazcima meM kespiyana sAgara taka samajhanA caahie| ___ anta meM, hama prasiddha bhUgola zAstra vettA, sAgara vizva vidyAlaya ke bhUgola vibhAga ke bhUtapUrva adhyakSa, DA0 esa0 ema0 alI ke prati kRtajJatA prakaTa karanA apanA kartavya samajhate haiM, jinake atizaya khojapUrNa grantha (The Geography of the Puranas') se hameM isa nibandha ke lekhana meM paryApta sahAyatA prApta huii| 1. DaoN0 esa0 ema0 alI Geo. of Puraras Page 9-10 (Introduction). 2. vahI Page 190. chapter VIII Bharat varat varsai Physical