Jainalogy In Western Publications

Author(s): Kenji Watanabe
Publisher: Kenji Watanabe
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/269649/1

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Jain Studies in Honour of Jozef Deleu Edited by Rudy Smet and Kenji Watanabe HON-NO-TOMOSHA, Tokyo 1993
Preface
When Professor Deleu's former students expressed the wish to prepare a Felicitation Volume in his honour, we all readily agreed as we were glad to show our appreciation of the important work which Prof. Deleu has achieved in his unobtrusive way. His pupils will below recall how stimulating his lessons in all fields of Indology have been and how the general public also was able to benefit from his writings. Those who have had the privilege of meeting this unassuming colleague, as we did when he accepted the invitation to attend the International symposium on Jaina canonical and narrative literature in Strasbourg (16-19 June 1981), have been impressed by the part he took in the discus
sions, his many relevant remarks on many subjects and his generosity. Some . words should therefore be said concerning the debt which Jain studies, and philological research in particular, owe to Jozef Deleu.
In this field he first became known for his work on the literary genre called prabandha which flourished th Jain circles during the Middle Ages. Though his dissertation (in Dutch) on Rājasekhara's Prabandhakośa is not easily accessible, the main points of his research on two aspects of the prabandhas have gained a large audience, viz. his observations on 1) the language (especially the vocabulary) of these compositions, and 2) the "intricate interrelation of these texts". He succeeded in calling attention to the importance of the prabandhas “as (semi-)historiographic writings” and to the need for further research on the literary features of this genre. Although for nearly a century almost no attention had been paid to such texts, recently they have more than once been used as important documents. In this field J. Deleu can be seen as a forerunner.
Meanwhile J. Deleu had the privilege to study in the Seminar für Kultur und Geschichte Indiens an der Universität Hamburg, where he attended Ludwig Alsdorf's "inost enlightening lectures on Jaina Prakrit". What is more he was fortunate enough to be able to work with the eminent specialist on Jain canonical literature, Walther Schubring, with whom he soon became

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closely connected, especially in connection with their joint Studien zum Mahāniśiha. Kapitel 1-5. Deleu, who was in charge of chapters 1-3, soon prepared a critical edition of this portion of the text (on the base of eight manuscripts and a commentary) as well as an English translation followed by critical notes and a glossary. The edition is preceded by an Introduction presenting the main linguistic and metrical characteristics of this peculiar text (1963). - I still remember how Schubring expressed his appreciation of J. Deleu's competence and his affection for this gifted scholar and his fine personality. Hence it was a great pleasure for Schubring when, on 15 February 1964, he was awarded the Doctorate Honoris Causa of the Rijksuniversiteit te Gent, and on this occasion was the guest of the Deleu family.
It was therefore natural to entrust J. Deleu with the task of publishing Schubring's posthumous edition of the Nayadhammakahão, which appeared in 1978, after Deleu's study of Uvangas 8-12 of the Jain Canon (1969, in Dutch) and his very useful contribution to the Wörterbuch der Mythologie, on "Die Mythologie des Jinismus" (1978).
Nevertheless, Jozef Deleu's masterpiece is his book Viyahapannatti (Bhagava). The fifth Anga of the Jaina Canon. Introduction, Critical Analysis, Commentary & Indexes. It followed and developed one of Schubring's suggestions, and was published in 1970, about a year after Schubring (who had eagerly read the manuscript) had passed away. It is edited "in memory of Prof. em. Dr. Dr. h.c. WALTHER SCHUBRING", and can be considered to be a fine work of the Schubring Jainological school. The importance of the Viyahapannatti had never been underestimated. Schubring himself, as Deleu remarks, not only "devoted a few excellent pages to it" in his Worte Mahāvīras, but also quoted this treatise more frequently than any other in his Lehre der Jainas. No one, however, had spared enough time to deal systematically and completely with this "monumental text" which, "in fact, presents itself as a kind of bewildering omnium gatherum of episodes, discussions, expositions, detached statements, calculations, references and quotations". Following the text scrupulously, J. Deleu gives a critical and intelligible account of its contents; moreover, in an elaborate introduction he

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also sheds light on questions relating to the composition of the text; he further adds valuable indexes (of the proper names and technical terms occurring in the treatise). The careful and clear typographical setting is also helpful. Although, in the Preface, J. Deleu states that "the first aim of studies in the Jaina Canon should be the critical edition of its texts", his own critical "preliminary stock-taking" of the contents of the Viyahapannatti will, in all probability, for long remain a most welcome substitute for the Prakrit text. It has already proved to be an indispensable tool and has prompted a number of studies and debates concerning the fifth Anga. J. Deleu himself, in Indologica Taurinensia 14 (1988-89, p. 169-179) added "A further inquiry into the nucleus of the Viyahapannatti". For this fundamental book alonebut we owe him much more-Jozef Deleu deserves the warm thanks of all who for any reason are interested in Jain studies.
Colette Caillat July 1993

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Jain Studies in Honour of Jozef Deleu Edited by Rudy Smet and Kenji Watanabe HON-NO-TOMOSHA, Tokyo 1993
Jainology in Western Publications II*
Colette Caillat
1. When he completed his Grammatik der Präkrit-Sprachen nearly a century ago, R. PISCHEL had had access to most of the Jain Svetāmbara canonical scriptures in ArdhaMāgadhi (and Jain Māhārāștrī), to some post-canonical literature in JM, to a very few specimens in "Jaina Sauraseni" (=JŚ] and to practically no Jain documents in Apabhramba.
2. As far as Ap is concerned, whereas pioneering work and very important publications had been achieved in Europe between 1918 and 1937, the work done during the last 50 years has been mostly accomplished in India, where many text editions have been published. They are sometimes provided with substantial introductions (including a grammatical sketch). Outside India, COLIN MAYRHOFER (Australian National University) laid the foundation for an Apabhramsa Dictionary.1
3. Again, most of the Jain texts in Old Gujarati have been edited in India by Indian scholars, who moreover scrutinized much of the relevant vocabulary. Important lexical data is included in R. L. TURNER, A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, of which a volume of Addenda et Corrigenda has been edited by J. C. WRIGHT (London, SOAS 1985). Further additions are being worked out at present. Grammatical features of Drei Jaina-Gedichte in Alt-Gujarāti (No. 7.)2 have been studied by the editor, G. BAUMANN (pp. 15-59: III Metrik, IV Reim und Alliteration, VI Phonologie, VII Morphologie (including idiomatic phrases); pp. 134–68: Glossar). ERNEST BENDER has submitted some notes "Towards a Lexicon of Old Gujarāti” in Mahāvīra and His Teachings, pp. 89-94.3 Moreover, in 1992, the American Oriental Society has published The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita
* Subject: LINGUISTICS (mainly Middle Indo-Aryan).

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(The Tale of the Quest for Ultimate Release of Sālibhadra and Dhanna). A work in Old Gujarātī. Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary by Ernest Bender (AOS 73, 573 pp.: chapter IV Grammar, VIII Glossary, IX Appendices [Index of verses ... ]).
4. As for “JŚ”, critical editions of chapters or sections of the Mūlācāra by K. OKUDA (No. 10) and of Sivārya's Mūlārādhanā by K. OETJENS (No. 13) have provided an opportunity to try to assess the linguistic characteristics and position of this variety of Middle Indo-Aryan (OETJENS pp. 35–53).
4.1. The denomination "JŚ” is rejected by K. O. who (probably following L. ALSDORF) considers this Prakrit idiom as an old stage of AMg: he would define it as the central or western type of MIA into which the early canonical scriptures of the Jains (old sayings previously expressed in an eastern dialect) had first been "translated” (pp. 46, 52). In spite of the many interesting remarks presented in this introduction, some of the conclusions seem somewhat speculative.
4.2. Again, the inconsistencies or idiosyncrasies noted in the language of Māc (No. 10, pp. 31ff.) should perhaps not just be dismissed as monstrosities. It is observed that they recur in the Svetāmbara Nijjuttis. This fact would point to common (grammatical, exegetical?) usages or conventions which require at least some investigation.
5. For the most part, linguistic and grammatical investigations have been focussed on the Svetāmbara canon, whether on the "seniors" (esp. Sūyagada, Uttarajjhāyā) or on later layers (Paiņnayas, various canonical Nijjuttis), i.e. on early AMg and early JM.
5.1. As far as grammar is concerned, it can be seen that PISCHEL's observations have on the whole proved remarkably accurate (and exhaustive). Hence, while including references to recent research papers, O. v. HINÜBER'S Das ältere Mittelindisch im Überblicks could still systematically refer to this authoritative book.
Naturally, in recent years many details have been further studied. As for

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future studies, they will have to unravel the dialectal mixture which has been traced in JM (cf. infra). Also, the stylistic effects of some morphological choices could be investigated further (cf. infra).
5.2. On the other hand, following W. SCHUBRING and L. ALSDORF, attention has been concentrated on metrics an important tool for textual criticism.
Finally, lexicographical studies have not been neglected, the less so as vocabulary and grammar are not infrequently intertwined.
5.3. Apart from those papers the subject of which is to investigate one specific problem, precise information can be gathered from grammatical (-stylistic) descriptions presented in the introduction of several monographs. This data can be taken as additions to PISCHEL's paragraphs. These studies will now be mentioned, along with books which have useful glossaries.
6.
Books, editions, etc., accompanied by linguistic descriptions.
1972: COLETTE CAILLAT, Candāvejjhaya, Paris (Institut de Civilisation Indienne 34). $820ff.: Langue; Phonétique, Morphologie (26-64); Syntaxe (65–70); Vocabulaire (71–78); Mètre (79–82); Style (83-95). Pp. 153–54: Index des principaux mots et morphèmes prakrits cités. Cf. id., "Stylistic notes on Candagavejjhaya”, in India Major, Congratulatory Vol. Presented to J. Gonda, ed. by J. ENSINK and P. GAEFFKE, Leiden 1972, pp. 85-90.
1974: ADELHEID METTE, Das Kapitel der Oha-nijjutti über den Bettelgang (No. 3). Pp. 236-42: Register der ... Eigennamen und der seltenen Wörter in Sanskrit und Prakrit.
1974: K.R. NORMAN, "Causaraña-Paiņņaya: An edition and translation", Adyar Library Bulletin (Mahāvīra Jayanti Volume) 38, pp. 44-59. P. 44: Metrical notes; pp. 56ff.: Notes on the text (Collected Papers No. 25).
1977: Id., "Kāvilīyam: A metrical analysis of the eighth chapter of the Uttarādhyayana-sūtra", in Mahāvīra and His Teachings, pp. 9-19. Pp. 10ff.:

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Critical ed.; pp. 16ff.: Notes (Collected Papers No. 32).
1977, 1988: W.B. BOLLÉE, Studien zum Süyagada I, II (Nos. 14 and 40). Both volumes include numerous grammatical and lexical notes. Moreover, see I pp. 180-97: Wortregister; II pp. 198–224: Wortregister des Sūyagada; pp. 243–50: Nijjutti-Glossar.
1980: K. R. NORMAN, "Uttarajjhayana studies: An edition and translation of the fourth ajjhayana, with a metrical analysis and notes", in Siddhantacharya Pt. Kailashchandra Shastri Fel. Vol., pp. 564–72.
1983: GUSTAV ROTH, Malli-Jñāta (No. 31). Pp. 225–30: Ausgewähltes Wörterverzeichnis.
1982: NÀLINI BALBIR, Dānástakakathā (No. 26). $$ 24ff.: Introduction, Langue (26-33); Vocabulaire (34–38); Style (39-42).
1986: Id., Etudes d'exégèse jaina: Les Āvasyaka (No. 38). Annexes: A. Répertoire des faits grammaticaux remarquables: 1. Nijjutti, 2. Commentaires en prose; B. Glossaires: 1. Nijjutti, 2. Commentaires; C. Mètres de l'AvNijjutti.
1987 / 88: Id., "Souper de jour: quatrains", IT 14, pp. 47-77. $2: Edition, Langue (Ap) (2.2); Mètre (2.3); Texte (2.4); $3: Traduction (annotée); 84: Commentaire.
1992/93 (in the press): NALINI BALBIR and THOMAS OBERLIES, Récits d'exégèse jaina. “Die Avašyaka-Erzählungen". Vol. I: Introduction générale et traduction par NALINI BALBIR; Vol. II: Glossar ausgewählter Wörter zu E. LEUMANN "Die Āvasyaka-Erzählungen" von THOMAS OBERLIES.
1991: CH. CHOJNACKI, Réalité et légende dans un guide des lieux saints jaina: le Vividhatīrthakalpa (14e s.) (No. 50). Index des mots remarquables: (1) arabo-persans, (2) termes techniques, (3) suffixes et termes grammaticaux remarquables.

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7. Papers bearing on specific grammatical subjects (phonetics, morphology, syntax, metrics and style, lexicography).
K. R. NORMAN's and L. A. SCHWARZSCHILD's articles (Nos. 45 and 53) have been collected in the following volumes, supplemented with indexes:
K. R. NORMAN, Collected Papers I, II, III, IV, Oxford 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 (Pali Text Society) (= CP).
Collected Articles of L. A. Schwarzschild on Indo-Aryan 1953–1979, compiled by ROYCE WILES, Canberra 1991 (Australian National University, Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series 17). Grammatical index by COLIN MAYRHOFER, pp. 191-98; Indexes of Old, Middle and New IndoAryan words by R. WILES, pp. 199–222 [= CA).
7.1.
Phonetics.
In most studies all the Pk data is dealt with from a general point of view, the emphasis bearing on the general rule, rather than on the actual realizations in the various Jaina Prakrits (e.g. in papers by J. SAKAMOTO-GOTO). AMg is specifically mentioned in the following articles by K. R. NORMAN:
1976: “Middle Indo-Aryan studies XIII: The palatalization of vowels in Middle Indo-Aryan", JOI 25, pp. 328-42 (CP No. 28).
1976: “Labialisation of vowels in Middle Indo-Aryan", Stllr 2, pp. 41-58 (CP No. 30].
1983: "Middle Indo-Aryan studies XVI: The palatalization and labialization of vowels in Middle Indo-Aryan”, JOI 32, pp. 275-79 [CP No. 54).
1983: “The Pratyeka-Buddha in Buddhism and Jainism", in Buddhist Studies Ancient and Modern, ed. PH. DENWOOD and A. PIATIGORSKY, London (Collected Papers on South Asia 4, Centre of South Asian Studies, SOAS), pp. 92-106 (esp. 94ff.) (CP No. 51).

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L. SCHWARZSCHILD generally distinguishes between the different MIA Jaina languages, quotes many Ap forms, refers to precise passages in AMg etc., in:
1972: “Some 'unusual' sound changes in Prakrit”, JAOS 92.1, pp. 100-104 (CA 164–68).
1973: "Initial retroflex consonants in Middle Indo-Aryan", JAOS 93.3, pp. 376–77 (CA 169–74].
7.2.
Morphophonetics.
1979: K. R. NORMAN, "Middle Indo-Aryan studies XIV", JOI 29, 37-41. 83, pp. 38-40: on remnants of the dual in AMg (CP No. 40).
1985: JUNKO SAKAMOTO-GOTO, “Das Verbaladjektiv von dhmā im Mittelindischen", MSS 44, pp. 171-89.
7.3. Morphology. The possible stylistic effects of morphological choices have sometimes been considered.
1977: L. A. SCHWARZSCHILD, "Variant forms of the locative in Middle IndoAryan", in Mahāvīra and His Teachings, pp. 77–87 [CA 175-85).
1979: Id., “Distinction and confusion: A study of neuter plural endings in Middle Indo-Aryan”, BSOAS 42, pp. 329-33 (CA 186-90).
1989: NALINI BALBIR, "Morphological evidence for dialectal variety in Jaina Māhārāşti”, in Dialectes dans les littératures indo-aryennes, ed. C. CAILLAT, Paris (ICI 55), pp. 503-25.
7.4.
Syntax. As such, it has attracted only a little attention.
1990: ANDRIES BREUNIS, The Nominal Sentence in Sanskrit and Middle Indo-Aryan, Leiden (Orientalia Rheno-Traiectina 35). Ch.7 considers "Verbal and nominal sentences in Māhārāştri”, i.e. in JM, all the alleged examples

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being from H. JACOBI's edition of the Ausgewählte Erzählungen in Māhārāshtri.
7.5. Metrics. Metrical criteria have been normally used when establishing critical editions of Jaina texts (cf. supra 6.).
Some monographs, though not bearing exclusively on Jain a usage, should not be overlooked:
1973: A. METTE, “Vedhas in Lalitavistara and Divyāvadāna: Beschreibungen des schönen Körpers in Sanskrit und Prakrit", WZKS 17, pp. 21-42 (especially 30–37).
1987: K.R. NORMAN, “The origin of the aryā metre", in Buddhist Philosophy and Culture: Essays in Honour of N. A. Jayawickrama, ed. D. J. KALUPAHANA and W. G. WEERARATNE, Colombo, pp. 203-14 (CP No. 74).
7.6.
Lexicography
Jaina lexicographical studies will derive considerable benefit from the publication, in India, of the Āgama sabdakośa (Word-Index of Angasuttāni), Vol. I: VĀCANĀ PRAMUKHA ĀCĀRYA TULASĪ, ed. YUVĀCĀRYA MAHĀPRAŠÑA, Ladnun 1980 (Jain Vishwa Bhārati). Much help is also derived from the abundant critical material with which the Jaina Agama Series volumes (Bombay 1968-) are provided.
Jaina lexicography, especially when dealing with Pk terms, has often been coupled with grammatical and etymological observations. In several cases, comparisons of Amg/JM terms with their Buddhist counterparts have proved fruitful, especially when an evaluation of semantic evolutions is necessary. Many technical terms still have to be investigated. The following short list only aims at indicating some of the main trends: all the stray lexicographical notes which are inserted in many papers cannot be quoted here.
Many remarks on vocabulary can be found in the editions of Pk texts quoted supra 6. They are numerous in W. B. BOLLÉE, Studien zum Sūyagada (see also the review by K. R. NORMAN, WZKS 25 (1981), pp. 201ff.). For

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more developments cf. BOLLÉE, “Notes on Middle Indo-Aryan vocabulary”, JOI 31 (1982), pp. 244-54; JOI 33 (1983), pp. 108-122; to be continued.
7.6.1.
Technical terms
1983: NATHMAL TATIA, “Parallel developments in the meaining of parijñā (Prakrit parinnā, Pali pariññā) in the canonical literature of the Jainas and the Buddhists”, IT 11, pp. 293-302 (“understanding'... also implying behaviour”; “actual knowing as well as actual abstinence").
1983: KYOSHU TSUCHIHASHI, “On the literal meaning of leśyā", IT 11, pp. 195–202.
1987: A. METTE, “Notes on samaya 'convention' in Pali and Prakrit”, in Middle Indo-Aryan and Jaina Studies (No. 47).
1990: NALINI BALBIR, “Scènes d'alchimie dans la littérature jaina", Journal of the European Ayurvedic Society 1, pp. 149-64. P. 164: Index des termes techniques.
1993: NALINI BALBIR, “Jaina exegetical terminology I: Prakrit vibhāsā detailed exposition", in the present volume.
7.6.2.
Miscellanea.
1987: C. CAILLAT, “Vedic ghramsá-' heat' of the sun, Ardhamāgadhì ghimsu 'burning heat', Jaina Māhārāştī ghim-'hot season”, ABHORI 68, pp. 551-57.
1987: Id., "Esa dhamme vusīmao 'such is the law of the Sage'", in Middle Indo-Aryan and Jaina Studies, pp. 81–96.
1989/90: Id., “Ardhamagadhi āyadanda, 'autodestructeur' ou 'armé, agressif, violent'?”, Bulletin d'Etudes Indiennes 7/8, pp. 17–45.
How an investigation of the close parallels which can be traced between Pali

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Jainology in Western Publications II 51 and AMg throws light on the lexicographical preferences of the poets is shown in a short note written by HELMER SMITH (quoted in Middle IndoAryan and Jaina Studies, p. 2). It appears that AMg paniya (Utt 10.28) continues *pani-ja, evidently avoided in Pali (cf. Sn 2 saro-ruha and Dhp 285!). For other comparisons, see: 1987: K.R. NORMAN, "Pali lexicographical studies IV: Eleven Pali etymologies, No. 8 vari 'restraint'", JPTS 11, pp. 41-44 (CP No. 66). 1987: K. WATANABE, "Some notes on the expression sabba-vari-1 savva-varam", Bulletin d'Etudes Indiennes 5, pp. 375-86. (English translation from "-varam to -vari- wo megurite": Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu vol. 34, No. 2, 1986, pp. 917-912 in Japanese] Notes 1. 2. Cf. Indologica Taurinensia 11 (1983), p. 339. The numbers between brackets refer to K. BRUHN, "Jainology in Westem Publications I". Mahavira and His Teachings, ed. A. N. UPADHYE et al., Bombay 1977 (Bhagavan Mahavira 2500th Nirvana Mahotsava Samiti). See WZKS 23 (1974), pp. 158-60; also No. 38, quoted in 6). OSKAR VON HINUBER, Das altere Mittelindisch im Uberblick, Wien 1986 (Oesterreichische Ak. der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, Sitzungsberichte 467, Veroffentlichungen der Kommission fur Sprachen und Kulturen Sudasiens 20).