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________________ julAI-2007 67 jaina aura vaidika paramparA meM vanaspativicAra (indriyoM ke sandarbha meM) DaoN. kaumudI baladoTA* prastAvanA : dainaMdina vyavahAra meM vanaspatiyoM kA upayoga tathA unase vartanavyavahAra ke bAre meM jaina aura vaidika paramparA meM kAphI antara dikhAI detA hai / rasoI kI jaina paddhati meM harA dhaniyA, harI mirca, harI mIThInIma, tAjA nAriyala Adi kA upayoga bahuta kama haiM / sUkhe masAle jyAdAtara pasaMda kiyA jAte haiM / dhArmika mAnyatAe~ dhyAna meM rakhakara sabjiyA~ cunI jAtI haiM / AlU, ratAlU Adi kandoM kA istemAla niSiddha mAnA jAtA hai / Aja kI hindu jIvanapaddhati meM AlU-ratAlU Adi upavAsa ke dina khAsakara upayoga meM lAye jAte haiN| prAcIna kAla meM araNyavAsI RSimuni kandamUla, patte, phala Adi kA upayoga AhAra meM karate the, aise sandarbha sAhitya meM upalabdha haiM / hinda paurANika pUjA paddhati meM tAje phUla aura patte jyAdA mAyane rakhate haiN| viSNa, ziva, devI, gaNapati Adi devatAoM ko viziSTa raMga ke tathA sugandha ke phUla tathA patte caDhAe jAte haiM / tAjA nAriyala phoDakara caDhAyA jAtA hai / zvetAmbara mandiramArgIyoM ke sivAya kisI bhI jaina sampradAya kI pUjA tathA ArAdhanA paddhati meM tAjA phUla-patte tathA nAriyala kA istemAla nahIM hotA / nAriyala agara caDhAveM to phoDe nahIM jAte / digambara sampradAya meM to sUkhe nAriyala aura sUkhA mevA (kAjU, bAdAma Adi) caDhAne kA prAvadhAna hai / bagIce, udyAna Adi banAnA, per3oM kI Rtu ke anusAra kaTAI Adi karanA, bela-tulasIharI pattI cAya, tAjA adaraka, * bakula ke phUla Adi ubAlakara kADhA (kaSAya) banAkara rogoM kA ilAja karanA Adi saiMkaDoM bAteM hindu jIvanapaddhati meM bilakula Ama hai / tulasI, vaDa, pIpala, audumbara Adi vRkSa dhArmika dRSTi se pavitra mAnakara pUjA jAte haiM / jaina jIvanapaddhati meM kisI bhI vrata yA tyauhAroM meM vRkSoM kI pUjA nahIM kI jAtI / * sanmati-tIrtha, phirodiyA hosTela, 844, zivAjInagara, bI.ema.sI.sI. roDa, puNe-411004
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________________ 68 anusandhAna-40 viSaya (vyApti tathA maryAdA) : donoM paramparAoM meM vanaspatiyoM ke bAre meM itanA alaga-alaga vyavahAra aura mAnyatAe~ kyoM haiM ? tattvapradhAna tathA AcArapradhAna granthoM meM isakA rahasya nihita hai / isa zodhanibandha meM vanaspati kI sajIvatA tathA vanaspati meM indriyoM kI upasthiti ina muddoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara chAnabIna kI gayI hai / jainiyoM ke prAcIna grantha prAkRta meM hone ke kAraNa tathA prAkRta kI vidyArthinI hone ke nAte mukhyata: AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, prajJApanA, jIvAjIvAbhigama aura trilokaprajJapti, mUlAcAra evaM gommaTasAra (jIvakANDa) ye zaurasenI grantha vanaspativivecana ke bAre meM AdhArabhUta mAnakara vizleSaNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai| vaidika paramparA ke darzana granthoM meM kevala sAMkhya-darzana meM vanaspati vicAra hai / vaha bhI atyalpa mAtrA meM hai| cAroM veda, brAhmaNa, AraNyaka, upaniSadoM meM vanaspati aura auSadhiyoM kA jikra to kiyA hai lekina tAttvika vizleSaNa bahuta kama hai / upaniSadoM meM diyA huA sRSTi ke AvirbhAva kA krama kAphI lakSaNIya hai / vanaspati kI sa-indriyatA aura nirindriyatA kI carcA mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva ke eka saMvAda meM kAphI hada taka kI gaI hai| carakasaMhitA meM vanaspatiyoM kA vargIkaraNa, nAma tathA guNadharma vistAra se diye haiM, auSadhiyA~ banAne kI prakriyAe~ bhI vipula mAtrA meM dI haiM, lekina unakI sajIvatA, indriyA~ honA yA na honA inakA jikra bilakula hI nahIM hai / nighaNTu to vanaspatisUci hai| isa nibandha ko vaijJAnika mUlya prApta karAne hetu vizeSa prayAsa kiye haiM / vanaspatizAstra ke prAdhyApakoM se isa viSaya kI vistRta carcA kI hai| baoNTanI tathA ikaoNlaoNjI ke granthoM kI nAmAvalI sandarbhagranthasUci meM dI hai / (1) vanaspati kI utpatti vaidikoM ne sRSTi kI utpatti kA viziSTa krama svIkAra kiyA hai / 'AtmanaH AkAzaH sambhUtaH / AkAzAdvAyuH / vAyoragniH / AnerApaH / adbhayaH pRthivI / pRthivyA odhaSayaH / oSadhIbhyaH annaM / annAt puruSaH / ' yaha krama 1. taittirIya upaniSad 2.1
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________________ julAI-2007 prAyaH vaijJAnika mAnyatA se mela khAtA hai / pharka kevala itanA hI hai ki AkAza kI utpatti AtmA paramAtmA aura paramezvara se joDanA vijJAna ko maMjUra nhiiN| ye pA~ca mahAbhUta haiM aura ve jaDa haiM / jaina dRSTi se loka jIva evaM ajIva ina do (rAzi) dravyoM se vyApta hai| inameM se jIvadravya ke indriyAnusArI pA~ca bheda haiM / unameM ekendriya jIva pA~ca haiM / jaise ki pRthvIkAyika, apakAyika, tejasakAyika, vAyukAyika aura vanaspatikAyika / sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA hai ki pAnI, havA, AkAza, kAla aura bIja kA saMyoga hone para hI vanaspati kI utpatti hotI hai, anyathA nahIM / yaha mata bhI vaijJAnika dRSTi se ucita hai| lekina ina sabako ekendriya kahanA aura svatantra jAti mAnanA jainadarzana kI vizeSatA hai / pA~coM ekendriya kI utpatti eka dUsare se nahIM huI hai / jagat parivartanazIla hai aura anAdinidhana hai / isakA matalaba yaha huA ki ye pA~coM ekendriya pahale se hI sRSTi meM maujUda haiM / (2) vanaspati kI yoni (utpattisthAna) - donoM paramparAyeM yonisaMkhyA 84 lakSa mAnatI haiN| inameM vanaspati kI yoniyA~ mAnyatAnusAra 24 lakSa aura vaidika mAnyatAnusAra 21 lakSa haiM / vaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI yaha saMkhyA vastusthiti ke bahuta hI najadIka hai / vargIkaraNa ke Adhunika nikaSa anupalabdha hone para bhI lagabhaga 3000 varSa pahale yaha saMkhyA kathana karanA eka AzcaryakAraka bAta hI hai / (3) sthAna : - jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra vanaspatisRSTi tInoM lokoM meM haiM / sAMkhyadarzana kI mAnyatAnusAra adholoka meM vanaspatisRSTi hai / lekina paurANika 2. bhagavatI zataka 25, uddezaka 2, sUtra 1; trilokaprajJapti 1.133 3. aNuyogadvAra sUtra 216 (5,6) 4. sUtrakRtAMga 2.3.2 / / 5. tattvArthasUtra 5.2 kI TIkA 6. bhAratIya saMskRti koza 7. uttarAdhyayana 36.100 8. sAMkhyakArikA 54
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________________ 70 anusandhAna-40 mAnyatAnusAra vanaspati tInoM lokoM meM hai / Aja upalabdha jJAna ke AdhArapara vaijJAnikoM ne unakA astitva kevala pRthvI para hI hone ke saMketa diye haiN| kyoMki pAnI ke AdhAra para hI vanaspati sRSTi utpanna hotI hai aura pAnI kevala pRthvI para hI hai / / donoM paramparAoM ne vanaspati kA samAveza tiryaMcagati yA tiryaMcayonira0 meM kiyA haiM / aura unakA sthAvaratva19 bhI mAnya kiyA hai / (4) vanaspati meM jIvatva : jaina mAnyatAnusAra vanaspati jIvadravya hai / 12 vanaspatikAyika supta cetanAvAle hai kintu jAgRta nahIM hai aura supta jAgRta bhI nahIM haiM / 13 styAnagRddhi nidrA ke satata udaya se vanaspatikAyika jIvoM kI cetanA bAharI rUpa meM mUcchita hotI hai / 14 vanaspati kA mUla jIva eka hai aura vaha vanaspati ke pare zarIra meM vyApta hai lekina vanaspati ke sabhI avayavoM meM bhI alagaalaga jIvoM kA honA mAnya kiyA hai / 15 vaidikoM ke anusAra vanaspati sajIva sRSTi kA eka acara prakAra haiN| 'uccanIca' kI dRSTi se kiye huye sRSTa padArthoM kI vargavArI meM unheM prANiyoM se nIca mAnA hai / 16 sAMkhyakArikA meM bhautika sarga kA kathana karate hue kahA hai ki devayoni kA sarga ATha prakAra kA hai| tiryaMca yoni kA sarga pA~ca prakAra kA hai arthAt gAya, bhaiMsa Adi pazu, hariNa ityAdi mRga, pakSI, sarpa aura vRkSAdi sthAvara padArtha / aura manuSyasarga eka prakAra kA hai|17 vaijJAnika dRSTi se sRSTivyutpatti ke krama meM pahalI sajIva-nirmitI vanaspati 9. aNuyogadvAra sUtra 216(3) 10. sAMkhyakArikA 53 11. sAMkhyakArikA 53 kA prakAza; uttarAdhyayana 36.69 12. uttarAdhyayana 36.69 13. bhagavatI 16.6.3-8 14. bhagavatI 19.35 kI TIkA 15. sUtrakRtAMga 2.7-8; uttarAdhyayana 36.93 16. bhAratIya saMskRtikoza 17. sAMkhyakArikA 53
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________________ julAI-2007 hI hai / utkrAnti se vikasita sabhI sajIva sRSTi kI vaha AdhArabhUta saMsthA hai / vanaspatiyoM meM jo jIvazakti hai usake AdhAra para hI krama se pragata jIvasRSTi kI nirmitI huI hai / vanaspatiyoM ne bhI kAla tathA paristhiti ke anusAra samAyojana karake khuda meM parivartana kiye haiN| jaina dRSTi meM pratyeka dravya, dravya-kSetra-kAla-bhAva ke anusAra hamezA pariNamita hotA rahatA hai / 18 jaina mAnyatAnusAra vanaspati kA mUla jIva eka hai aura vaha vanaspati ke pUre zarIra meM vyApta hai / anya granthoM meM yaha bhI kahA hai ki vanaspati ke vibhinna avayavoM meM alaga-alaga vibhinna prakAra ke jIva hote haiM / vaijJAnika dRSTi se isakI upapatti isa prakAra dI jA sakatI hai / vanaspati zAstrAnusAra vanaspati ke avayavoM meM bhinna bhinna prakAra kI peziyA~ hotI haiN| lekina unakA DIenae samAna hotA hai / vRkSa ke kisI bhI avayava kI pezI kA DIenae dekhakara hama pUre vRkSa kA patA lagA sakate haiM |peshiyoN kA alagaalaga astitva hokara bhI unameM jo sAmya hai vaha dhyAna meM rakhakara jaina granthoM meM eka mUla jIva aura bAkI asaMkhyAta jIvoM kI bAta kahI gaI hogI / arthAt vijJAna ne bhI sampUrNa vanaspatizAstra meM eka jIva kI saMkalpanA nahIM kI hai| (5) vanaspati meM veda (liGga) - vaidikoMne vanaspatiyoM ko 'udbhijja' kahA hai / 19 kaThopaniSad ke anusAra kucha ucca jAti kI vanaspatiyoM kI jananakriyA prANiyoM kI jananakriyA se mela khAtI hai / 20 vanaspati ke prajanana kA vicAra muNDaka, chAndogya aura bRhadAraNyaka upaniSadoM meM kiyA huA hai / hAritasaMhitA tathA carakasaMhitA ke anusAra vanaspati meM liGgabheda hai tathA vaMzavRddhi ke lie naramAdAsaMgama Avazyaka hai / 21 sapuSpa aura apuSpa vanaspatiyoM kI punarutpatti kA tarIkA alaga-alaga hone kA spaSTa saMketa isase pAyA jAtA hai / vaijJAnika / 18. tattvArthasUtra 5.41 19. vaizeSikasUtra 4.2.5 20. kaThopaniSad 1.1.6 21. bhAratIyasaMskRtikoza
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________________ 72 anusandhAna- 40 dRSTi se bhI yaha varNana ThIka hai kyoMki vanaspatizAstra ke anusAra papItA jaise kucha vRkSoM meM nara yA mAdA vRkSa alaga-alaga bhI hote haiM aura vRkSa ke phUla meM bhI narabIja yA mAdAbIja upasthita hote haiM / apuSpa vanaspati meM punarutpatti ke alaga-alaga prakAra vijJAna ne batAe haiM / jaina mAnyatAnusAra sabhI vanaspatiyA~ sammUrchima haiM / 22 aura sabhI vanaspatiyA~ napuMsaka vedavAlI haiM / 23 dazavaikAlika meM vanaspati kI punarutpatti ke prakAra alaga-alaga batalAye haiM |24 phira bhI unheM sAmAnya rUpa se napuMsakavedI mAnA hai / yaha saMkalpanA vaijJAnika dRSTi se mela nahIM khAtI / (6) vanaspati meM indriyA~ : jaina dRSTi se ekendriya sRSTi pA~ca prakAra kI hai| pRthvIkAyika, tejasakAyika, apakAyika, vAyukAyika aura vanaspatikAyika / ina pA~coM ko 'sparzanendriya' hai / vanaspatijIva anya cAra ekendriya jIvoM para nirbhara hai / 25 jaina zabdAvalI meM unako vanaspatikAyika jIvoM kA AhAra kahA hai / 26 sparzanendriya se jitanA jJAna pA sakate haiM utanA hI jJAna unameM haiM / 27 jIva ke ekendriya Adi pA~ca bheda kiye gaye haiM, so dravyendriya ke AdhAra para kyoMki bhAvendriyA~ to sabhI saMsArI jIvoM ko pA~coM hotI hai / 28 bAkI ke indriyoM ke viSayoM kA jJAna hone kA spaSTa nirdeza yahA~ nahIM hai / tathApi zrIbhAvendriya hone kA jika kucha abhyAsakoM ne kiyA hai / 29 vanaspati ke mana ke bAre meM jaina mAnyatA yaha hai vaha amanaska (asaMjJI ) hai / " I AcArAMga ara sUtrakRtAMga ke pahale zrutaskandha meM vanaspati kI tulanA 22. tattvArthasUtra 2.36 23. bhagavatI 7.8.2 tattvArthasUtra 2, 50 24. dazavaikAlikasUtra. 4.8 25. sUtrakRtAMga 2.3.2 26. sUtrakRtAMga 2.3.2-5 27. bhagavatI 7.8.5 28. vizeSAvazyaka 2999, 3001; darzana aura cintana pR. 300 29. darzana aura cintana, pR. 308 30. tattvArthasUtra 2.11
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________________ julAI- 2007 manuSya zarIra se, manuSya kI zArIrika avasthA se aura manuSya kI mAnasika saMvedanAse vistArapUrvaka kI hai / 31 donoM granthoM meM kI huI isa tulanA se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki vanaspati meM pA~coM indriyA~ hone kA anubhava unhoMne isameM grathita kiyA hai| paMcendriya kI taraha vanaspati meM sirpha 'rasa' dhAtu ke sivAya rakta, mAMsa Adi chaha dhAtu na hone se usakI gaNanA 'ekendriya' meM kI hai / 32 vaidika sAhitya meM vanaspati kI indriyoM kI carcA vistRta rUpa se sirpha mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM dikhAI detI hai / mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM bhRgu muni tathA bhAradvAja ke saMvAda se vRkSoM ke pA~cabhautika tathA indriyasahita na hone kI aura hone kI carcA vistAra se pAI jAtI hai / bhAradvAja muni ke kathana kA sArAMza yaha hai ki vRkSa meM drava, agni, bhUmi kA aMza, vAyu kA astitva tathA AkAza nahIM hai| isalie ve pA~cabhautika nahIM hai / bhRgumuni ko yaha dRSTikoNa bilakula mAnya nahIM hai| unhoMne baDe vistAra se vRkSasambandhI bAteM kahIM haiM / 'vRkSa ghanasvarUpa haiM yaha saca hai lekina usameM AkAza kA astitva hotA bhI hai / usake puSpa aura phala kramakramase dikhAI dete haiM isalie ve 'cetana' bhI haiM aura 'pA~cabhautika' bhI haiM / uSNatA se vRkSa kA varNa mlAna hotA hai / chAla sUkha jAtI hai / phala aura phUla pakva aura jIrNa hokara girate haiM isalie unheM 'sparzasaMvedanA' hai| jora kI havA kI dhvani se vaDavAgni tathA vajrapAta kI dhvani se, vRkSoM ke phala aura phUla gira jAte haiM / dhvanisaMvedanA to zrotrendriya ko hotI hai / isalie vRkSoM ko 'zravaNendriya' hai / latA vRkSa ko veSTita karatI hai, vRkSa para phaila jAtI hai| AdamI ko bhI agara dRSTi nahIM hotI to vaha ucita mArga se jA nahIM sakatA thA, isalie vRkSa 'dekha' bhI sakatA hai| sugandha vA durgandha se tathA dhUpa Adi se vRkSa rogarahita hote haiM aura unameM phUlaphaloM kI bahAra A jAtI hai / isalie unheM ' ghrANendriya' bhI hai / vRkSa apane mUloM ke dvArA jala kA zoSaNa karate hai / ve rogagrasta bhI hotA hai / itanA hI nahIM, unameM roga ke pratikAra kA sAmarthya bhI haiM / isalie vRkSa ko 'rasanendriya' hai / 73 31. AcArAMga 1.1.104 sUtrakRtAMga 2.7.8; sUtrakRtAMga TIkA pR. 157 bI. 10 32. sUtrakRtAMga 2.6.35 kA TippaNa
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________________ 74 anusandhAna- 40 sukha aura duHkha kI saMvedanA hotI hai| kaTA huA vRkSa phira jora phUTatA hai / isalie vRkSa meM 'jIva' hai, ve acetana nahIM, 'sacetana' hI haiM / vRkSa ne bhUmi se zoSaNa kiye huye jala kA, uSNatA aura vAyu kI madada se pacana hotA hai / yaha jalAhAra usameM snigdhatA kA nirmANa karatA hai aura usakI vRddhi bhI karatA hai 3 mUla prakRti meM ahaMkAra se bhinna-bhinna padArtha banane kI zakti prApta hone para vikAsa kI do zAkhAyeM hotI haiM / eka - vRkSa, manuSya Adi sendriya prANiyoM kI dRSTi aura nirindriya padArtha kI sRSTi | 34 vRkSa ko se vaijJAnika dRSTi se vanaspati sajIva hai / indriyadhArI jIvoM kI taraha unameM spaSTa rUpa se eka bhI indriya maujUda nahIM hai / lekina sabhI indriyoM ke kArya vanaspati apanI tvacA ke mAdhyama se hI karatI hai / isa dRSTi se dekheM to unheM 'sparzanendriya' hai aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai / unako dUsaroM ke astitva kI saMvedanA tvacA se hI hotI hai / rasanendriya kA kAma rasa kA grahaNa hai aura vanaspati meM spaSTa mAtrA se mUla aura upamUloM ke dvArA hotA hai / phira bhI zvAsocchvAsa, anya nirmitI Adi rUpa se pattA, tanA Adi bhI isa rasa ke grahaNa kI prakriyA meM zAmila hote haiM / isa prakAra yaha kArya bhI tvacA se nigaDita hai / unameM gandha kI saMvedanA hone kA prayoga vaijJAnika rUpa se abhI upalabdha nahIM hai / astitva kI saMvedanA to unheM hotI hai / AsapAsa ke sajIva, nirjIva sRSTi ke raMgarUpa kI saMvedanA ke bAre meM kahA nahIM jA sktaa| lekina raMgarUpa ke vizeSa jJAna ke lie jo vizeSa jJAnazakti Avazyaka hai usa taraha kA vikAsa unameM nahIM hai ! kyoMki unameM saMvedanA karAnevAlI majjAsaMsthA yA bhejA maujUda nahIM hai / sumadhura gAyana ityAdi kA anukUla pariNAma vanaspatiyoM para hotA hai / isa viSaya kA saMzodhana kiyA gayA hai, phira bhI dhvani kI lahareM, kampana ke dvArA unakI tvacA se sparza karatI haiM aura unheM dhvanisaMvedanA hotI hai / alaga zravaNendriya kI koI guMjAIza nahIM hai / sAmya ke AdhAra se kahA jAya to phUlavAlI vanaspatiyoM kA 33. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva (mokSadharmaparva) adhyAya 184, 6-18 34. gItArahasya pR. 105
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________________ julAI-2007 75 jananendriya 'phUla' hai / zvAsocchAsa kA indriya 'pattA' hai / utsarjana kriyA hara vanaspati meM paristhiti ke anusAra alaga-alaga hotI hai / vaha patte, tanA aura mUla sabhI avayavoM ke dvArA hotI hai / jo-jo bhI indriya saMvedanAyeM vanaspati meM pAyI jAtI haiM, unake pIche vicArazakti, mana athavA majjAsaMsthA nahIM hotI / vanaspati jo-jo saMvedanAtmaka pratikriyAyeM detI haiM ve sirpha rAsAyanika yA saMprerakAtmaka prakriyAyeM haiM / manuSya meM aicchika kriyAyeM aura pratikSipta kriyAyeM donoM hotI haiM / aicchika kriyAoM ke lie vicArazakti kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai / jaise ki kisI bhI AgAta se palakoM kA jhpknaa| isa kriyA ke pIche koI bhI vicArazakti nahIM hai, usI prakAra chuImUI (mimosa pudica) Adi vanaspatiyoM meM isa prakAra kI kiyAyeM pratikSipta kriyAyeM haiN| ___vyAkhyAprApti meM kahA hai ki vanaspatijIva ko samayAdi kA jJAna nahIM hotA / 35 ApAtataH to lagatA hai ki yaha saMkalpanA galata hai kyoMki sUrajamukhI kA sUrata kI tarapha jhukanA, rajanIgandhA kA rAta meM phUlanA, dina meM yA rAta meM kamaloM kA vikasita honA, viziSTa Rtu meM vanaspati meM phUloMphaloM kI bahAra AnA Adi ghaTanAyeM dekhakara aisA lagatA hai ki samaya ke anusAra vanaspati pratikriyAyeM detI rahatI hai / lekina vaijJAnika dRSTi se ye sirpha rAsAyanika saMprerakAtmaka ghaTanAyeM haiM / isameM jAnabUjhakara karane kI koI bAta nahIM uThatI / isIlie eka prakAra se kahA bhI jA sakatA hai ki unameM samaya kA jJAna nahIM hai / samayAnusArI vartana to unameM maujUda hai para vaha jJAnapUrvaka nahIM hai| ___ vaidika sAhitya meM kAvya, nATaka Adi meM vanaspati Rtu ke anusAra puSpati-phalita honA, kamaloM ke vividha prakAra Adi ke ullekha vipula mAtrA meM pAye jAte haiM / lekina dArzanika granthoM meM isakA vicAra svatantra rUpa se nahIM kiyA hai| vanaspati kA AhAra meM prayoga - jaina prAkRta granthoM meM vanaspati dvArA kiyA jAnevAlA AhAra tathA 35. vyAkhyAprajJapti 5.9.10-13
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________________ 76 anusandhAna-40 vanaspati kA anya jIvoM dvArA kiyA jAnevAlA AhAra isa viSaya se sambandhita carcA vistAra se pAyI jAtI hai / 26 prastuta zodhanibandha kI maryAdA dhyAna meM rakhate huye vanaspati ke ekendriyatva se jitanI carcA sambaddha hai utanI hI yahA~ kI hai| vanaspatijIva ekendriya haiN| phira bhI zarIrapoSaNa ke lie sabhI zarIradhArI jIvoM ko vanaspati kA AhAra karanA Avazyaka hai| isa AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie bhI maryAdA ke bAhara vanaspati kA upayoga jaina darzana ko maMjUra nahIM hai / vanaspati 'jIva' hote huye bhI unakA AhAra meM prayoga karane kA kAraNa sUtrakRtAMga meM batAyA hai ki ekendriya jIva kevala rasa dhAtu kI niSpatti hotI hai / usameM rakta nahIM hotA / raktadhAtu ke binA mAMsadhAtu niSpanna nahIM hotii| isalie mAMsa aura anna kI tulanA saMgata nahIM hai / 37 saiddhAntika dRSTi se jaina zAstroM meM kandamuloM ko sAdhAraNa vanaspati kA darjA diyA hai aura usakA pratyeka jaina vyakti ke khAnapAna meM niSedha bhI kiyA hai / itanA hI nahIM, dina meM jina-jina vanaspatiyoM kA prayoga apane khAnapAna meM kiyA hai, unakI AlocanA karane kA vidhAna sAdhusAdhvI aura zrAvaka-zrAvikA ke nitya AvazyakakRtya meM batAyA hai / 38 jainiyoM kI vanaspati ke prati vizeSa saMvedanazIlatA hI isase pratIta hotI hai / zAkAhAra-mAMsAhAra donoM ke guNadharmoM kA vizleSaNa vijJAna meM karanA hai / vaijJAnika grantha bodha yA upadeza denevAle na hone ke kAraNa vijJAna meM kisI kI siphAriza nahIM kI jAtI / alaga-alaga guNadharma pahacAna ke kaunasA AhAra tyAjya hai aura kaunasA AhAra grAhya hai yaha sarvathA vyakti para nirbhara hai| vaijJAnika dRSTi ke kandamUla, harI sabjI tathA aMkurita dhAnya khAne kA niSedha to hai hI nahIM balki unameM proTInsa aura viTAminsa bahuta jyAdA mAtrA meM hone kA nirdeza hai / jaina zAstroM meM jina jina cIjoM kA AhAra meM niSedha kiyA hai, vaha vaijJAnika dRSTi se niSiddha hone kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai| vaidika granthoM meM dekhA jAya to mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM kahA hai 36. sUtrakRtAMga, AhAraparijJA adhyayana; prajJApanA 28.1; 1807, 13; bhagavatI 7.3.1-2 37. sUtrakRtAMga 2.6.35 kA TippaNa 38. AvazyakasUtra 4.25 (1)
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________________ julAI - 2007 ki hirana jaise cara prANI tRNa jaise acara padArtha khAte haiM / vyAghra jaise tIkSNa dADhAvAle prANI hirana jaise prANiyoM ko khAte haiM / viSadhArI sApa nirviSa dubale sApoM ko nigalate haiM / 39 'balazAlI jIva nirbala jIvoM kA AhAra karate haiN|' isa prakAra ke ullekha vaidika sAhitya meM vipula mAtrA meM pAye jAte haiM jaise ki 'jIvo jIvasya jIvanam / ' manusmRti meM bhI isakA nirdeza haivijJAna meM pracalita jo anazRGkhalA hai usake saMketa vaidika sAhitya se milate haiM / AhAra ke bAre meM manusmRti kahatI hai ki 40 prANasyAnnamidaM sarvaM prajApatirakalpayat / sthAvaraM jaGgamaM caiva sarvaM prANasya bhojanam // vanaspati kA auSadha meM prayoga : caraka saMhitA ke Arambha meM kahA hai ki Ayurvardhana tathA roganivAraNa 42 ina donoM hetu caraka ne vividha prakAra ke kalpa, kalka, cUrNa, kaSAya Adi auSadhaprakAroM kA nirdeza kiyA hai / auSadha banAye jAne kA spaSTa nirdeza carakasaMhitA meM hai yathA - vanaspati se, meda se, vasA se, carabI se / 43 carakasaMhitA grantha ke pariziSTa - 2 meM dI huI tAlikA se spaSTa hai ki prastuta vargIkaraNa meM vanaspati dravyoM ko hI pradhAnatA hai / vanaspati ke mUla, chAla, sAra, goMda, nAla ( DaNThala ), svarasa, mRdu pattiyA~, kSAra, dUdha, phala, phUla, bhasma (rAkha), taila, kA~TeM, pattiyA~, zuGga (TUsA), kanda, praroha ( vaTajaTA) ina 18 avayavoM kA prayoga auSadhi banAne ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / " vaidikoM kI jIvana jIne kI dRSTi bilakula alaga hai| vaha nivRttigAmI yA niSedhAtmaka nahIM hai / sukhI, samRddha, nirogI jIvana, ulhAsa aura umaMgapUrvaka utsAha se jInA yaha vaidika paramparA kA vizeSa hai / isI taraha se vanaspatiyoM kA khuda I 39. mahAbhArata zAntiparva adhyAya 89, 21 - 26 40. manusmRti 5.29 41. manusmRti 5.28 42. athAto dIrghajjIvitIyaadhyAyaM carakasaMhitA sUtra 1 43. carakasaMhitA 73 44. carakasaMhitA 73 77
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________________ 78 anusandhAna-40 ke lie istemAla karane meM koI dikkata nahIM lagatI / vaidikoM ne Ayurveda ko paMcama veda kA darjA diyA hai / 45 jaina darzana ke anusAra AyuSya bar3hAne kI bAta bilakula galata dhAraNA para AdhArita hai| AyuSya kI kAlAvadhi 'AyuSkarma' para nirbhara hone ke kAraNa usako baDhAne ke lie koI prAza yA kalpa lenA unheM maMjUra nahIM hai| dUsarI bAta rahI roganivAraNa kI / karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra rogoM kI vedanAyeM hamAre hI kRta karmoM kA vipAka hai / 46 unakA vedana karane se karmanirjarA hotI hai / vedanA bahuta hI jyAdA asahanIya ho to auSadhayojanA kI jA sakatI hai / lekina usake lie vanaspati ke prAsuka avayava hama upayoga meM lA sakate haiM / harebhare jIvita vRkSa ke patte, chAla, mUla Adi avayava auSadha banAne ke lie anumata nahIM hai / upasaMhAra jaina aura vaidikoM ke vanaspativiSayaka vicAra tathA vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa ina tInoM kA ekatrita vicAra karake nimnalikhita tathya sAmane Ate haiM / * tInoM ne vanaspati kA samAveza jIvavibhAga meM kiyA hai aura vanaspati __ cetanA kA nirdeza prAya: 'suptacetanA' isa zabda se hI kiyA hai / * vaidiko ne AtmA se Arambha karake kramabaddhatA se vanaspati kA vikAsa sUcita kiyA hai / AtmavicAra ko choDakara agale kA krama vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa se mela khAtA hai / jaina granthoM meM pA~ca prakAra ke ekendriya jIvoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / vanaspatikAyika ke jIvatva kA AdhAra prathama cAra ekendriya jIva mAne haiM / lekina pahale cAroM kI eka dUsare se utpatti kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai / / * donoM paramparAoM meM nirdiSTa vanaspatiyoni-saMkhyA vaijJAnika dRSTi se mela khAtI hai| * donoM mAnyatAoM ke anusAra vanaspatisRSTi tInoM lokoM meM haiM / Aja 45. bhAratIya saMskRti koza 46. tattvArthasUtra 8.5
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________________ julAI-2007 upalabdha jJAna ke AdhArapara vaijJAnikoM ne usakA astitva kevala pRthvI para hI hone ke saMketa diye haiM / * jaina mAnyatAnusAra vanaspati kA mUla jIva eka hai aura usake vibhinna avayavoM meM alaga-alaga vibhinna asaMkhyAta jIva hote haiM / vanaspatizAstra ke anusAra vanaspati kevala vibhinna avayavoM kI peziyoM kA eka dUsare se juDA huA saMghAta hai / vijJAna ne pUre vanaspati meM vyApta eka jIva ko mAnyatA nahIM dI hai| vRkSa ke kisI bhI avayava kI pezI kA DIenae dekhakara hama pUre vRkSa kA patA lagA sakate haiM / peziyoM kA alaga-alaga astitva hokara bhI unameM jo sAmya hai vaha dhyAna meM rakhakara jaina granthoM meM eka mUla jIva aura bAkI asaMkhyAta jIvoM kI bAta kahI gayI hogii| * jaina mAnyatAnusAra sabhI vanaspatiyA~ sammUcchima haiN| isalie ve napuMsakavedI haiM / vaidikoM ke anusAra vanaspati meM liGgabheda hai tathA vaMzavRddhi ke lie nara-mAdA-saGgama Avazyaka hai / sapuSpa aura apuSpa vanaspatiyoM ke prajanana ke bAre meM jo vicAra vaidikoM ne kiye haiM, ve prAyaH vaijJAnika dRSTi se yogya lagate haiM / jaina zAstrakAroM ne 'bIja' zabda kA napuMsakaliGga tathA bIja bone se usakI utpatti yaha dhyAna meM rakhakara unheM napuMsakavedI kahA hogA / mUla, skandha Adi se utpanna honevAlI vanaspati ko dekhakara unheM bhI 'napuMsakavedI' kahA hogA / sapuSpa vanaspati meM honevAlI naramAdA bIjoM kA milana unhoMne najaraaMdAja kiyA hogA / * jaina mAnyatAnusAra vanaspatikAyika jIva ko ekahI indriya arthAt 'sparzana' indriya hai / abhyAsakoM ke anusAra yadyapi unameM sparzanendriya ke alAvA aura cAra indriyA~ tathA mana pratyakSataH dravyarUpa se maujUda nahIM hai tathApi cAra indriyA~ tathA mana kI zakti usameM bhAvarUpa se maujUda hai / .. mahAbhArata tathA sAMkhyakArikA ke anusAra vanaspati pA~cabhautika hai aura usameM pA~coM indriyA~ tathA mana hotA hai / vaijJAnika dRSTi se indriyadhArI jIvoM kI taraha vanaspati meM spaSTa rUpa se eka bhI indriya maujUda nahIM hai / lekina sabhI indriyoM ke kArya vanaspati apanI tvacA ke mAdhyama se hI karatI
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________________ 80 anusandhAna- 40 hai / vijJAna ke anusAra- jo bhI indriya saMvedanAyeM vanaspati meM pAyI jAtI haiM unake pIche vicArazakti, mana athavA majjAsaMsthA nahIM hotI / vaha kevala pratikSipta kriyAyeM hotIM haiM / vanaspati jo-jo saMvedanAtmaka pratikriyAyeM detI hai, ve sirpha rAsAyanika yA saMprerakAtmaka prakriyAyeM haiM / pA~ca indriyadhArI jIvoM ke sAtha sapuSpa vanaspati kI tulanA kI hI jAya to hama kaha sakate haiM ki phUlavAlI vanaspatiyoM kI jananendriya 'phUla' hai| zvAsocchavAsa kI indriya 'pattA' hai / utsarjana kriyA hara vanaspati meM paristhiti ke anusAra alagaalaga hotI hai / vaha patte, tanA aura mUla sabhI avayavoM ke dvArA hotI hai / * jaina granthoM meM vanaspati meM samayajJAna na hone kA jikra kiyA hai / ApAtataH yaha tarka ThIka nahIM lagatA / sUrajamukhI kA sUraja kI tarapha jhukanA Adi kriyAyeM vaijJAnika dRSTi se sirpha rAsAyanika saMprerakAtmaka ghaTanAyeM haiM / isameM jAnabUjhakara karane kI koI bAta nahIM uThatI / isIlie eka prakAra se kahA bhI jA sakatA hai ki unameM samaya kA jJAna nahIM hai / samayAnusArI vartana to unameM maujUda hai para vaha jJAnapUrvaka nahIM hai / I * jaina dRSTi se zAkAhAra hI sarvathA yogya AhAra hai| zAkAhAra ke aMdara bhI bahuta sArI cIjoM ko grAhya aura tyAjya mAnA hai / sAdhu aura zrAvaka ke lie bhI khAnapAna ke alaga-alaga niyama haiM / vijJAna ne zAkAhAramAMsAhAra donoM ke guNadharma batalAye haiM aura usakI grAhyatA aura tyAjyatA vyaktipara nirbhara rakhI hai| vaijJAnika dRSTi se kandamUla, harI sabjiyA~ tathA aMkurita dhAnya kAne kA niSedha to haiM hI nahIM balki unameM proTinsa aura viTAminsa bahuta jyAdA mAtrA meM hone kA nirdeza haiM / jaina zAstroM meM jinajina cIjoM ko AhAra meM niSedha kiyA hai unako vijJAna se puSTi nahIM mila sakatI / vaidika paramparA kI AhAracarcA aura AhAracaryA prAyaH vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa se mela khAtI hai / * vaidika paramparA meM Ayurveda ko paMcama veda kA darjA diyA gayA hai / Ayurvardhana tathA roganivAraNa hetu vanaspatiyoM se vividha prakAra kI auSadhiyA~ banAne kI prakriyAyeM usameM varNita haiN| jaina darzana meM Ayurvardhana
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________________ julAI - 2007 AyuSyakarma se nigaDita hai tathA agara atyAvazyaka ho to roganivAraNa sirpha prAsuka auSadhiyoM se kiyA jAtA I niSkarSa upasaMhAra meM nirdiSTa muddoM ke AdhAra se hama isa niSkarSa taka pahu~cate haiM ki indriyoM kI dRSTi se jaina aura vaidika paramparA meM kiyA huA vanaspati vicAra prAyaH Aja ke vanaspatizAstraviSayaka tathyoM se milatA julatA hai| donoM paramparAoM ke vicAra lagabhaga IsavIpUrva kAla ke haiM / kevala cintana aura nirIkSaNa ke AdhAra para unhoMne kiyA huA vizleSaNa kAphI sarAhanIya hai / jaina paramparA vanaspatisRSTikI ora hiMsA-ahiMsA kI dRSTi kendrasthAna meM rakhate huye dekhatI hai / isa paramparA ne vanaspatiyoM ko 'ekendriya' kahA haiM tathApi ekendriya honA unake svatantra jIva hone meM bAdhArUpa nahIM hai / indriyoM kI paryAptiyoM ko dekhakara ekendriya, dvIndriya se lekara paMcendriya taka jIva haiM tathApi jIvatvarUpa se sabhI meM samAnatA hai / ekendriya jIva kama darjAvAlA aura paMcendriya manuSya zreSTha darjAvAlA nahIM hai| vanaspatikAyika jIva manuSya rUpa meM A sakatA hai aura manuSya bhI vRkSarUpa meM pariNata ho sakatA hai / yadyapi vanaspati kI cetanA supta hai tathApi manuSya ko bilakula haka nahIM hai ki vaha unako duHkha pahu~cAye / AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke uparyukta sandarbha isa para acchA prakAza DAlate haiM / uttarottara prAkRta sAhitya meM vanaspativiSayaka carcA kI gaharAI baDhatI gaI / vanaspati kA AhAra se nikaTa sambandha hone ke kAraNa AhAracarcA aura khAsakara niSedhacarcA baDhatI gayI | zrAvakoM ke lie 'vaNakamma' tathA 'iMgAlakamma' Adi vanaspatisambandhivyavasAya niSiddha mAne gaye / citrakArI meM bhi unhoMne vanaspatijanya raMgoM kA upayoga nahIM kiyA / Ayurveda meM vanaspati ko kA~Ta kara kUTakara, gholakara ubAlakara auSadha banAye jAte haiM / isalie isa zAkhA kA vistAra aura pracAra jaina paramparA meM nahIM huA / pariNAma svarUpa jainiyoM ne vanaspatisRSTi ko hAnI to nahIM pahu~cAyI lekina sAthasAtha vRkSAropaNa, vRkSasaMvardhana, bagIce banAnA Adi kriyAoM meM bhI ve sahabhAgI nahIM huye / vanaspati kI ora unhoMne bhAvanAtmaka aura naitikatA ke dRSTikoNa se dekhA / 81
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________________ 82 anusandhAna-40 vaidikoMne hamezA ulhAsa, umaMga, Arogya aura samRddha mAnavI jIvana ko kendrasthAna meM rakhakara sArI zAstrazAkhAoM kA nirmANa kiyA / vanaspatizAstra kA bhI sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA / usase niSpanna hone vAlI Ayurveda tathA vananirmANa, udyAnanirmANa ina zAstra tathA kalAoM kI bhI vRddhi kI / unhoMne vRkSoM ko paMcendriya kahA, lekina ahiMsA kI dRSTi rakhate huye unako dainaMdina vyavahAra se dUra nahIM kiyA balki vanaspati kA yathocita istemAla hI kiyaa| dainaMdina vyAvahArika jIvana meM manuSya ko mahattvapUrNa aura vanaspati ko nimnastarIya mAnakara Ayurvardhana tathA roganivAraNa ke lie unakA khUba upayoga kiyaa| ye saba kare huye vRkSoM ko pIDA dene kI bhAvanA unameM bhI nahIM thii| balki aneka vRkSoM kI ora pUjanIyatA kI dRSTi ko dekhakara unakA sambandha aneka vratoM se bhI sthApita kiyA / vRkSa ke phala-phUla-patte toDane meM unake mana meM hiMsA kI tanika bhI bhAvanA nahIM thI / balki 'patraM puSpaM phalaM toyaM' isa rUpa meM Izvara ko arpaNa karane kI bhI buddhi thI / jaina (nirgrantha paramparA) aura vaidika paramparA ina donoM ke mUlAdhAra jIvanadRSTi aura tattvajJAna meM itanA maulika bheda hai ki koI bhI sRSTa vastu kI tarapha dekhane kA unakA pariprekSya alaga-alaga hI hotA hai / jaina paribhASA meM kaheM to vaidika paramparA vanaspati kI ora vyavahAranaya se dekhate haiM to jaina nizcayanaya dekhate haiM | vanaspati ke bAre meM vaidikoM kA vartana mAnavakendrI hai to jainiyoM kA mAnavatAvAdI hai / vijJAna sandarbha grantha sUci (1) Champion, Harry G. and Seth S. K. - A revised survey of forest types of India. (2) P.S. Verma, K. K. Agarwal-Principles of Ecology - 1992. (3) M. C. Das - Fundamentals of Ecology. (4) Taxonomy of Augisperms - V. N. Naik.