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________________ hindI (maru - gurjara ) jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra viSaya praveza maru - gurjara jaina sAhitya apabhraMza aura Adhunika hindI, rAjasthAnI tathA gujarAtI sAhitya kI madhyavartI kar3I hai / ina bhASAoM ke sAhitya ko bhASA, zailI, bhAva, rasa, chanda, kAvya-rUpa Adi kI dRSTi se maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya se eka samRddha aura sampanna paramparA virAsata meM milI hai / ataH ina bhASAoM meM likhita sAhitya kA prAmANika adhyayana karane ke lie maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA manana karanA aparihArya hai| aisA na karane para vikAsa kI bahuta sI kar3iyoM kA krama bhaMga ho jAtA hai aura unakI saMgati baiThAne ke lie vidvAnoM ko bar3A drAvir3a - prANAyAma karanA par3atA hai| duHkha ke sAtha svIkAra karanA par3atA hai ki isake adhyayana kI tarapha jitanA dhyAna apekSita thA, vidvAnoM ne aba taka nahIM diyA hai| jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai, hindI meM maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA sarvAMgINa evaM prAmANika itihAsa sulabha nahIM hai| isake alaga-alaga aMgoM para aneka vidvAnoM ne AlocanA, zodha aura itihAsa grantha likhe haiM / maru aura gurjara ke paMDitoM ne apanI-apanI bhASA ke sAhitya kA alaga-alaga adhyayana bhI kiyA hai, jinameM zrI candradhara zarmA "gulerI" kRta purAnI hindI, zrI kAmatAprasAda jaina kRta hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, zrI nAthUrAma "premI" kRta hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, zrI motIlAla menAriyA kRta rAjasthAnI sAhitya kI rUpa-rekhA, zrI narottamasvAmI kRta rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya, zrI mohanalAla dalIcanda desAI kRta jainagurjara kaviyoM aura gurjara sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, zrI agaracandanAhaTA kRta rAjasthAnI jaina sAhitya Adi ullekhanIya haiN| pichale dazaka meM prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura se rAjasthAna kA jaina sAhitya nAmaka eka aura uttama pustaka prakAzita huI hai, kintu ina sabake bAvajUda jaisA pahale nivedana kiyA gayA hai, maru-gurjara ke vividhatAmaya vipula sAhitya kA samaveta, sarvAMgINa aura vaijJAnika bRhat itihAsa hindI meM likhA jAnA abhI zeSa hai| isa udAsInatA ke kAraNoM para vicAra karane se pUrva "maru-gurjara " pada para yahIM thor3A vicAra kara lenA samIcIna hogaa| - gurjara kA abhiprAya maru - gurjara eka sAmAsika pada hai jisameM maru aura gurjara do zabda sammilita haiN| isa pada ke tIna AyAma haiN| yaha zabda maru aura gurjara nAmaka pradeza, una pradezoM kI bhASA aura usa bhASA meM likhe gaye jaina sAhitya kA vAcaka hai| ataH isakA sahI abhiprAya samajhane ke lie ina tInoM AyAmoM ko dhyAna meM rakhanA apekSita hai| sarvaprathama isake bhASA sambandhI pakSa para dRSTipAta karanA ucita hai| apabhraMza ke pazcAt (vi. saM. 12vIM zatAbdI) aura hindI, rAjasthAnI tathA gujarAtI bhASAoM ke vikAsa se pUrva (vi.saM. 15vIM zatAbdI) kI saMkramaNakAlIna saMyukta kAvya-bhASA kA nAma maru-gurjara hai, isameM likhA gayA jaina sAhitya hI maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya hai| zrIcandradhara zarmA "gulerI", mahApaMDita rAhula sAMskRtyAyana prabhRti vidvAn isa zabda ke sthAna para purAnI hindI zabda kA prayoga karate the / vidvAnoM ne maru-gurjara bhASA kA vikAsa zaurasenI apabhraMza kI pazcimI zAkhA - nAgara apabhraMza se honA prAmANita kiyA hai| yaha bhASA 12vIM zatAbdI se prAyaH 16vIM zatAbdI taka madhyapradeza, rAjasthAna, gujarAta, mAlavA Adi kI kAvya-bhASA ke rUpa meM vyavahRta hotI rhii| rAjapUtoM kA utthAna aura unake rAja- darabAroM meM isake kaviyoM kA sammAna rAjasthAna, gujarAta, mAlavA Adi pradezoM meM jainadharma kA vyApaka pracAra-prasAra aura isa dharma ke sAdhuoM, zrAvakoM, kaviyoM aura AcAryoM dvArA ise kAvya kA mAdhyama svIkAra karanA, isake vyApaka pracAra evaM pratiSThA ke kucha pramukha kAraNa haiN| 70 -
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________________ isake pUrva isI prakAra kaI zatAbdiyoM taka apabhraMza kA kAvya-bhASA ke rUpa meM vyApaka pracAra evaM sammAna thA / prasiddha rAjasthAnI vidvAna zrI gulerIjI kA kathana hai ki apabhraMza eka sthAna kI bhASA nahIM thI, vaha deza bhara kI bhASA thI, jo ziSTabhASA rUpI naharoM ke samAnAntara bahatI jAtI thii| isI pariniSThita apabhraMza se utpanna isa saMkramaNakAlIna bhASA ko purAnI hindI, purAnI rAjasthAnI, jUnI gujarAtI, maru- sauraTha Adi kaI nAma die gaye haiM, kintu isa bhASA ke lie sarvAdhika upayukta nAma maru-gurjara hai, jisa para yathA-sthAna vicAra kiyA jAyegA. yahA~ dhyAna dene kI vizeSa yaha bAta hai ki ina sabhI zabdoM kA prayoga vidvAnoM ne paryAyavAcI artha meM hI kiyA hai| vikrama kI 12vIM se 15vIM zatAbdI taka ina bhASAoM meM mUlataH bhASAI stara para koI antara nahIM dikhAI par3atA hai| isa kAlAvadhi meM purAnI hindI aura maru ( rAjasthAnI ) tathA gurjara (gujarAtI) bhASAyeM prAyaH eka hI thiiN| maru aura gurjara kI ekatA ke sambandha meM prasiddha bhASAzAstrI griyarsana ne likhA hai ki ye donoM eka hI bhASA kI do boliyA~ hai, inakA alagAva hAla kI bAta hai / 1 prasiddha bhASA vaijJAnika DaoN. sunIti kumAra cATurjyA kA bhI kathana hai ki-- ina donoM kA mUla srota eka hI hai aura donoM eka samAna haiN| 2 isI prakAra prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI aura purAnI hindI kA ghaniSTha sambandha DaoN. ela. pI. tessItorI Adi vidvAna bhI mAnate haiM, kyoMki ve inakA mUla srota zaurasenI ko hI mAnate haiN| ve isI se eka ora hindI kI braja, bAgaru, khar3I bolI Adi boliyoM kA aura dUsarI ora gujarAtI tathA rAjasthAnI kA vikAsa svIkAra karate haiN| jisa taraha zaurasenI aura nAgara apabhraMza zabda kA prAyaH payAryavAcI artha meM kabhI prayoga kiyA jAtA thA, usI prakAra Age calakara purAnI hindI aura maru-gurjara zabdoM kA paryAyavAcI artha meM hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| inakI mUlabhUta ekatA ko iMgita karate hue prasiddha gujarAtI vidvAna zrI mo. da. desAI ne likhA hai ki- "jUnI hindI, jUnI gujarAtI aura jUnI rAjasthAnI zabda kRtrima aura bheda-buddhi ko bar3hAne vAle haiN| kavitA kI bhASA isa samUce kSetra kI prAyaH eka hI rahI hai| jisa taraha nAnaka se lekara dakSiNa ke haridAsa kI bhASA kabhI brajabhASA kahalAtI thI, usI prakAra apabhraMza ke pazcAt aura brajabhASA se pUrva kI sAhitya bhASA ko purAnI hindI yA jUnI gujarAtI kahA gyaa| yadi chApekhAnoM kA pracAra, prAntIyatA kA atirikta moha aura musalamAnoM dvArA phArasI zabdoM ko lAdane kA Agraha na hotA, to hindI anAyAsa samasta deza kI bhASA bana cukI hotii|" 3 udAharaNAsvarUpa ve kahate haiM ki mIrAbAI kI kAvya-bhASA ko gujarAtI, mAravAr3I aura hindI tInoM kahA jAtA hai| zrI gulerIjI ne A. hemacandra ke siddhahemAnuzAsana se eka dohA uddhRta karake use purAnI hindI kA namUnA batAyA hai| usake pracalita rAjasthAnI rUpa se tulanA karane para hama use AsAnI se rAjasthAnI dohA kaha sakate haiN| dohA isa prakAra hai -- isakA pracalita rAjasthAnI rUpa isa prakAra hai - -- hindI (maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya "vAyasu uDDAvantiaMe piu diTThau sahasatti, arddhayA valaya mahihigaya, addhA phuTTa taDati / kAga ur3AvaNa jAMvatI piya dITho sahasatti, AdhI cUr3I kAgagala AdhI TUTi taDatti / arthAt AkasmAta priya ko AtA dekhate hI nAyikA phUla kara aisI kuppA ho gaI ki usake sIMkiyA hAthoM kI cUr3I TUTakara zakuna bolane vAle kauve ke gale meM calI gii| gulerIjI apanI vyaMgya-vinodapUrNa zailI meM kahate haiM ki-- "AdhI cUr3I kA gagala meM jAne se azubha kA bhaya bhI khatma ho gayA aura nizAnA bhI ThIka baiTha gayA / "* AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI ne bhI likhA hai ki-- usa samaya kI hindI aura rAjasthAnI meM itanA rUpabheda nahIM ho gayA thA, jitanA Ajakala hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki ve eka hI thIM, to atyukti na hogii| rAjasthAnI sAhitya kA sambandha eka ora hindI se hai, to dUsarI ora isakA ghaniSTa sambandha gujarAtI se bhI hai| isIlie 71 --
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________________ DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra kabhI-kabhI eka hI racanA ko eka vidvAna purAnI hindI, to dUsarA purAnI rAjasthAnI aura tIsarA purAnI gujarAtI kI racanA batAtA hai| isa purAnI rAjasthAnI yA jUnI gujarAtI meM donoM hI pradezoM kI bhASA ke pUrva rupa to milate hI haiM, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke rUpa bhI inameM mile rahate haiN| isI mizra-bhASA meM jainakaviyoM ne apanA puSkala sAhitya sRjita kiyA hai| kAphI pahale A. rAmacandrazukla ne bhI kahA thA ki-- AdikAla meM jo kucha asaMdigdha sAmagrI prApta hai, usakI bhASA apabhraMza arthAt prAkRtAbhAsa hindI hai| isa prAkRtAbhAsa hindI kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki yaha usa samaya ke kaviyoM kI bhASA hai| kaviyoM ne kAvya paramparA ke anusAra sAhityika apabhraMza ke purAne zabda to lie hI hai, vibhaktiyA~, kArakacinha, kriyAoM ke rUpa Adi bhI bahuta kucha purAne rakheM gaye hai| vastutaH kAvya-bhASA vistRta kSetra meM prayukta hone vAlI ziSTa yA pariniSThita bhASA hotI hai, jisameM aneka bhASA-boliyoM ke prayoga sammilita hote haiN| vaha eka sthAnIya bolI mAtra nahIM hotii| usame kaI kSetrIya boliyoM ke pUrva spa bhI prApta hote haiM, kintu usa kAvya-bhASA se bhAvI boliyoM kA udbhava aura vikAsa nahIM siddha hotaa| jisa prakAra khar3I bolI se Adhunika hindI kA aura laMdana kI bolI se aMgrejI bhASA kA vikAsa huA hai, usI prakAra kaI sthAnIya boliyoM ke sahayoga se maru-gurjara bhASA kA vikAsa huA thaa| ataH maru-gurjara meM ina sabhI dezI-bhASAoM kI mUla pravRttiyA~ milatI haiM aura isake adhyayana dvArA hameM hindI, rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI bhASA kA vikAsa krama samajhane meM AsAnI hotI hai| maru-gurjara kA yahI bhASA-vaijJAnika mahattva hai| vastutaH kAvya-bhASA kA saMyukta svarUpa yA SaTbhASA rUpa prAcInakAla se pracalita rahA hai| sAhitya kI bhASA kisI pradeza vizeSa ke prayogoM taka hI parimita nahIM raha sktii| apabhraMza isI prakAra kI pariniSThita kAvya-bhASA thii| Age calakara kabIra Adi nirguNa saMtoM kI sadhukkar3I bhASA bhI isI prakAra kI mizra-bhASA zailI thii| yahI svaspa brajabhASA kA rahA, jisake sambandha meM kAvya nirNayakAra zrI bhikhArIdAsa ne likhA hai -- "brajabhASA bhASA rucira kahaiM samati saba koii| milai saMskRta pArasyau pai ati pragaTa juhoi| ve isa SaTbhASA ke pramANasvarUpa tulasI aura gaMga kA udAharaNa dete haiM -- "tulasI gaMga duvau bhaye sukavina ke srdaar|" inake kAvya meM milI bhASA vividha prakAra kI hai| isa "vividha prakAra" kI kAvya-bhASA kA sahI svarUpa samajhane ke lie maru-gurjara yA purAnI hindI kA sahI svarUpa jAnanA Avazyaka hai, anyathA Adhunika dezI-bhASAoM ke janma aura vikAsa kI managaDhanta kahAniyoM ke AdhAra para prAdezikatA ko anAvazyaka prazraya diyA jAtA rhegaa| sadhukkar3I kA artha AcArya zukla ne batAyA hai ki-- "rAjasthAnI, paMjAbI milI khar3I bolii|" kintu kabIra kI ramainI aura sabad kI bhASA meM braja aura pUrabI prayogoM kA puTa bhI paryApta prApta hotA hai arthAt usameM kaI bolI, bhASAoM kA prayoga sammilita hai| isa sadhukkar3I kA pUrva rupa maru-gurjara bhASA hI hai| hindI kA AdikAlIna sAhitya jo adhikatara rAjasthAna meM racA gayA, maru-gurjara bhASA se prabhAvita hai| DiMgala aura piMgala isI kI kAvya-zailiyA~ hai| dharmasUrikRta jambUsvAmIrAsA kI bhASA ko sva. dalAla ne jUnI gujarAtI aura zrI premIjI ne purAnI hindI kahA hai kyoMki ye do bhASAyeM nahIM thiiN| saptam hindI sAhitya sammelana ke avasara para zrI premIjI ne jabalapura meM kahA thA ki-- purAnI hindI aura pazcimI yA jUnI gujarAtI to prAntabheda se eka hI bhASA ke alaga-alaga paryAyavAcI nAma haiN| vi.saM. 15vIM-16vIM zatAbdI taka kA jaina sAhitya ina tInoM prAntoM kA eka hI hai| zrI agaracandanAhaTA ne vi.saM.13vIM zatAbdI kI jaina racanAoM kI bhASA para vicAra karate hue likhA hai, 'inameM se kucha kI bhASA apabhraMza prabhAvita rAjasthAnI hai aura kucha bolacAla kI rAjasthAnI hai| inameM se kucha rAjasthAna 72
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________________ hindI (maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya aura kucha gujarAta meM racI gaIM, parantu donoM sthAnoM meM likhI gaI racanAoM kI bhASA meM kucha antara nahIM hai / " sArAMza yaha hai ki ve bhI donoM bhASAoM kA abheda asvIkArate haiN| ve maru-gurjara zabda ko spaSTa karate hue Age likhate haiM-- tatkAlIna rAjasthAnI, mAlavA, gujarAta taka pracalita thii| isalie use maru-gurjara kahanA adhika upayukta hai| ise hI purAnI hindI aura maru-gurjara kahanA adhika ucita hai| rAjasthAna, gujarAta aura madhyadeza meM dUra-dUra taka prayukta hone vAlI isa kAvya-bhASA kA maru-gurjara nAma hI sarvAdhika upayukta bhI hai kyoMki purAnI hindI nAma meM ativyApti doSa pratIta hotA hai| zrI gulerI aura zrI rAhula jaise vidvan ina pradezoM meM racita dasevIM zatAbdI taka kI samasta racanAoM ko purAnI hindI meM parigaNita karate haiM, kintu sabhI vidvan isa mata se sahamata nahIM ho paate| saca to yaha hai ki thor3I sI jainetara prApta racanAoM jaise uktivyaktiprakaraNa, prAkRtapaiDgalama, kIrtilatA Adi ke AdhAra para purAnI hindI nAma diyA gayA thA, kintu bAda meM jaina bhaNDAroM se apAra jaina sAhitya prApta huA, jo maru-gurjara bhASA meM racita hai| isa samasta sAhitya kA upayukta nAma maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya hI hai| isa bhASA kI ekatA kA mukhya kAraNa ina pradezoM kI bhaugolika, dhArmika aura sAMskRtika ekatA hai| yaha to pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki ina pradezoM kI boliyoM kA mUla srota eka hI hai| isake alAvA vaivAhika sambandha, vyApAra, tIrthayAtrA Adi ke dvArA ina sthAnoM kI bhASA-bolI eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna taka phailatI rhii| vastutaH gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI zreSThivarga aura jaina sAdhu samAja ne isa bhASA kI ekatA ko sudRr3ha kiyaa| gujarAta aura mAravAr3a kI sImAyeM milI huI haiN| jainamuni ina pradezoM meM nirantara vihAra karate the| jainadharma ke kucha gacchoM kA prabhAva ina donoM prAntoM meM samAna rUpa se aba bhI pAyA jAtA hai| ataH ina gacchoM ke lekhakoM kI bhASA meM gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI kA prayoga samAna rUpa se hotA rahA hai| jaina zrAvaka bhI AjIvikA ke lie eka se dUsare pradeza meM prAyaH Ate-jAte rahate the aura bhASAI ekatA ko majabUta karate rahate the| yahI kAraNa hai ki ina pradezoM meM likhe gaye jaina kAvya kI eka sAmAnya bhASA-zailI kA vikAsa aura prasAra dUra-dUra taka ho gayA aura tIna-cAra zatakoM taka yahI bhASA adhikAMza jaina-kAvya kA mAdhyama rahI / maru-gurjara bhASA kA svarUpa vi.saM. 11vIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza janatA ke bolacAla kI bhASA rhii| isake kucha samaya bAda A. hemacandra ne isako vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM bA~dha diyA aura yaha pariniSThita bhASA ke rUpa meM maryAdita ho gii| isakA eka sAhityika rUpa rUr3ha ho gyaa| jisameM kavijana Age bhI sAhitya sRSTi karate rahe, parantu janatA kI bolI nirantara parivartita aura vikasita hotI rahatI hai| A. hemacanda ke kucha hI dazakoM bAda bhAratIya rAjanIti meM bar3A uthala-puthala ho gyaa| musalamAnI AkramaNa ke phalasvarUpa rASTrIya paristhiti meM ghora parivartana huaa| vibhinna pradezoM kA pArasparika sambandha chinna-bhinna ho gayA / janatA kA Apasa meM milanA-julanA, vyApAra- kArobAra karanA bAdhita huA, isalie apane-apane pradezoM kI rAjanItika sImA ke antargata vahA~ kI bhASAoM kA ekAntika vikAsa hone lgaa| lekina eka bhASA se dUsarI bhASA ke vikAsa meM zatAbdiyA~ bIta jAtI hai| isa saMkrAntikAla meM isI milI-julI bhASA kA sAhitya meM vyavahAra hotA rhaa| ataH dezI bhASAoM ke vikAsa kA sUtra isI meM upalabdha ho sakatA hai| A. hemacandra ne apane vyAkaraNa meM tatkAlIna bhASA ke padyoM kA namUnA diyA hai, unako par3hakara hama tatkAlIna maru - gurjara kA svarUpa samajha sakate haiN| jaise -- "viTTie mai bhaNiya tuhuM mAM kuru baMkI diTThi / dutti sakaNNI malli jiva mArai hiyai paiTThi / 73
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________________ DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra isameM hindI, rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI ke lakSaNa AsAnI se DhU~Dhe jA sakate hai aura koI bhI bhASA-bhASI ise apanI bhASA kA pUrvarupa ghoSita kara sakatA hai| Adhunika dezI-bhASAoM kI vikAsa prakriyA vi.saM. 15vIM-16vIM zatAbdI taka apanA cakra pUrA kara letI hai aura naI bhASAoM ke rUpa sAmane A jAte haiM, jaise-- prAcIna ai, au ke sthAna para navIna rUpa ai, au pratiSThita ho cale haiN| jaina-kAvya kI bhASA prAcInakAla se yathAsambhava jana-bhASA ke karIba rahI hai| inake lokasAhitya -- carcarI, phAgu Adi meM tatkAlIna lokabhASA kA vAstavika svarUpa surakSita hai| Adhunika AryabhASA yuga meM bhASAyeM saMyogAtmaka avasthA pAra kara viyogAtmaka ho giiN| jUnI gujarAtI purAnI hindI yA maru-gurjara meM yaha pravRtti spaSTa lakSita hotI hai| mukha-sukha ke kAraNa prAkRta se apabhraMza aura apabhraMza se dezI-bhASAe~ lagAtAra samAsa se vyAsaparaka hotI gaIM aura yaha itanA bar3A antara hai ki antataH apabhraMza aura maru-gurjara bhinna-bhinna bhASAyeM ho gii| svayaMbhU aura puSpadaMta, apabhraMza ke kavi hai, kintu puSpadaMta ke prAyaH cAlIsa varSa pazcAt racita zrI candakRta kathAkoSa maru-gurjara kI racanA mAnI jAtI hai| kucha kAla taka apabhraMza aura maru-gurjara meM samAnAntara sAhitya sRjana hotA rhaa| jinadattasUri kI carcarI meM apabhraMza ke bIca-bIca maru-gurjara ke prayoga bhI yadAkadA mila jAte haiM, usI prakAra jinapadmasUri kRta sthUlibhadra phAgu meM maru-gurjara bhASA ke bIca kahIM-kahIM apabhraMza ke prayoga jhalaka jAte haiN| jaise -- "sIyala komala surahivAya, jima jima vAyaMte, mADa maDaphphara mANaNiya tima tima naacte| mahApaMDita rAhula ne svayaMbhU kI racanAoM meM aneka hindI rUpoM ke AdhAra para unakI racanA ko hindI-bhASA kI racanA siddha kI hai, kintu thor3I samAnatA ke AdhAra para donoM ko eka bhASA nahIM siddha kiyA jA sktaa| isa mithra-bhASA zailI kA samaya isaliye vi.saM. 15vIM zatAbdI taka samApta samajhanA cAhiye kyoMki taba taka apabhraMza ke kaI pradhAna lakSaNa isase haTa cuke the| jaise-- ukAra bahulA pravRtti prAyaH samApta ho cukI thii| isIlie vi.saM. 12vIM se 15vIM zatAbdI taka kA samaya maru-gurjara kA sabhaya sarvamAnya hai| maru-gurjara sAhitya kA mahattva isa bhASA meM vizAla jaina sAhitya kA sampanna bhaNDAra hai, jo vividha kAvyarUpoM meM likhA gayA hai| isakI sampannatA aura vizeSatA kI mahAmanA paM. madanamohana mAlavIya, vizva kavi ravi ThAkura, DaoN. sunIti kumAra cATuA Adi manISiyoM ne muktakaMTha se prazaMsA kI hai| griyarsana ne isakI prazaMsA karate hue likhA hai ki-- "isameM aitihAsika mahattva kA vipula sAhitya bharA par3A hai|" vi.saM. 12vIM zatAbdI meM zaivamata kA deza meM vyApaka pracAra thA, kintu pUrvI bhArata meM tantra-mantra vAle vajrayAnI sampradAya kA aura pazcimI bhArata meM saMyama pradhAna jainadhA pracura prabhAva thaa| isa dhArmika vividhatA meM adbhuta ekatA thii| dharma ke nAma para koI upadrava nahIM hotA thaa| sarvadharma samabhAva yahA~ ke saMskRti kI prAcIna vizeSatA rahI hai, kintu usI samaya dharma ke nAma para musalamAnI AkramaNa aura atyAcAra hone lge| isa azAnti ke samaya madhyadeza kA AdikAlIna sAhitya arakSita hone ke kAraNa prAyaH naSTa ho gyaa| usa samaya kAnyakubja pradeza para gAhar3avAloM kA rAjya thaa| ve svayaM bAharI hone ke kAraNa sthAnIya bhASA kaviyoM ke bajAya saMskRta ko adhika sammAna dete the, isalie vahA~ kI bhASA meM likhe sAhitya ko rAjyAzraya nahIM milA aura jo kucha sAhitya janAthaya meM likhA gayA, vaha musalamAnI AkramaNa ke samaya prAyaH naSTa ho gyaa| A. rAmacandra zakla ne apane hindI-sAhitya ke itihAsa meM hindI ke AdikAla kA vivaraNa jina pustakoM ke AdhAra para diyA hai, unameM se adhikatara bAda meM aprAmANika yA jAlI siddha ho gae haiN| jo zeSa prAmANika grantha haiM, ve prAyaH rAjasthAna ke vibhinna rAja-darabAroM meM likhe gaye haiM, jinakI bhASA maru-gurjara kI vividha zailiyA hai| ataH
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________________ hindI (maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya hindI kA vikAsa-krama evaM usake sAhitya kA vAstavika itihAsa jAnane kA eka mAtra prAmANika sAdhana maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya hI hai| . koI bhASA aura usakA sAhitya rAjyAzraya, dharmAzraya yA janAzraya meM vikasita hotA hai aura surakSita rahatA hai| jaisA kahA gayA hai ki hindI ko kevala janAzraya para nirbhara karanA par3A, kintu maru-gurjara kI kahAnI usase bhinna rhii| isa bhASA-sAhitya ko gujarAta, mAlavA aura rAjasthAna meM rASTrakUTa, paramAra aura solaMkI zAsakoM kA saMrakSaNa prApta huA thaa| mAnyakheTa ke rASTrakUTa rAjAoM ke maMtrI bhI prAyaH jaina huA karate the, jinake yahA~ jaina muniyoM aura kaviyoM kA sammAna hotA thaa| barAra meM una dinoM jaina vaizyoM kA prAdhAnya thaa| unhoMne bhI maru-gurjara sAhitya ko paryApta protsAhana diyaa| rASTrakUToM ke patana ke pazcAt gujarAta ke solaMkI zAsakoM ke samaya jainadharma kI mAnyatA rAjadharma ke rUpa meM ho gayI thii| isalie yadi svayaMbhU aura puSpadaMta rASTrakUToM kI chatra-chAyA meM panape, to hemacandra Adi paravartI AcAryoM ko solaMkI zAsaka siddharAja aura kumArapAla kA rAjyAzraya prApta thaa| jaina dharmAcAryoM ne maru-gurjara ke pracAra evaM usake sAhitya ke sRjana evaM saMrakSaNa meM anupama yogadAna kiyaa| jainadharma meM dAna ke sapta kSetroM meM tRtIya kSetra-zAstralekhana evaM saMrakSaNa kA bar3A mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isake anusAra pratyeka sAdhu evaM zrAvaka ke lie zAstrAdhyayana, lekhana aura saMrakSaNa usakA Avazyaka kartavya batAyA gayA hai| ataH jaina mandiroM aura zAstrabhaNDAroM meM hastapratiyoM ke lekhana tathA saMrakSaNa kA bar3A uttama prabandha kiyA gyaa| jainasaMgha tarA sthApita saMcAlita grantha-bhaNDAra isa kSetra meM aneka haiM jinameM jaisalamera aura bIkanera ke vizAla jJAnabhaNDAroM ke atirikta abhayajaina granthAlaya, anUpa pustakAlaya, prAcyavidyA pratiSThAna Adi ullekhanIya haiN| ina bhaNDAroM meM adhikAMza jaina sAhitya surakSita hai| jaina dharmAvalambI apane udAra aura sahiSNu dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa kabhI saMgharSa meM nahIM pdd'e| adhikatara jainasAdhu saMyamI aura prabhAvazAlI hue| jainazrAvaka evaM zreSThI bhI itane sakSama the ki unakI musalamAnI darabAroM meM acchI sAkha thI, jisake kAraNa ina zAstrabhaNDAroM para musalamAnoM kI krUra dRSTi zAyada hI kabhI pdd'ii| isalie yaha sAhitya rAjyAzraya aura dharmAzraya prApta kara vikasita huA aura surakSita rhaa| ina harata-pratiyoM meM samasta uttarabhArata ke mahattvapUrNa itihAsa kI prAmANika sAmagrI ke sAtha hI bhASA-vikAsa evaM sAhityika pravRttiyoM kI kramika kar3iyA~ surakSita haiM, jinake AdhAra para hama uttara-bhArata ke itihAsa, bhASA, sAhitya aura saMskRti kA sahI svarUpa samajha sakate haiN| inake sambandha meM aprAmANikatA kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA kyoMki ye dharma buddhi se prerita atyanta zraddhApUrvaka likhI gaI aura surakSita rakhI gaI haiM, jabaki anya sAhitya kI utanI prAcIna evaM prAmANika pratiyA~ upalabdha na hone ke kAraNa mUla-grantha kA vAstavika pATha aura usakI bhASA kA sahI svarUpa nirdhArita karanA kaThina kArya hai| isalie maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kI sarvAdhika mahattA hai kyoMki usake AdhAra para hama apanI bhASA aura sAhitya kA kramika itihAsa aura vikAsa-krama DhUMDha sakate haiN| isa sambandha meM eka bAta yaha sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai ki ye hastapratiyA~ pratyeka zatAbdI ke pratyeka caraNa kI sana-saMvatavAra upalabdha hone ke kAraNa aitihAsika evaM vaijJAnika adhyayana kA Thosa AdhAra prastuta karatI haiN| yaha kheda kI bAta hai ki isa vizAla prAmANika sAhitya ke prati hindI ke itihAsakAra udAsIna rahe haiN| AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne apabhraMza meM likhita bauddha evaM jaina dhArmika sAhitya para vicAra prakaTa karate hue likhA -- "siddhoM aura jogiyoM kI racanAoM kA jIvana kI svAbhAvika saraNiyoM, anubhUtiyoM aura dazAoM se koI sambandha nahIM hai| ve sAmpradAyika-zikSA mAtra haiN| ataH zuddha sAhitya kI koTi meM nahIM aatii| una racanAoM kI paramparA ko hama kAvya yA sAhitya kI koI dhArA nahIM kaha skte| ataH dharma sambandhI racanAoM kI carcA chor3a kara aba hama sAmAnya sAhitya kI jo kucha sAmagrI milatI hai usakA ullekha kreNge|" isa ullekha ke antargata unhoMne hemacandra, somaprabhasUri, merutuMga, vidyAdhara aura zAAdhara kA atisaMkSipta paricaya dekara isa vizAla sAhitya kA khAtA banda kara diyaa| vastutaH isa sAhitya meM jainadharma kI korI upadezaparaka racanAyeM hI nahIM haiM balki isameM 75
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________________ DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra vipula sarasa kAvya-sAhitya bhI hai, jo sahadayoM ke sahAnubhUti kI pratIkSA kara rahA hai| A. hajArI prasAda dvivedI ne jora dekara kahA hai ki -- isa sAhitya ko aneka kAraNoM se itihAsa granthoM meM sammilita kiyA jAnA caahiye| korA dharmopadeza samajha kara chor3a nahIM denA caahiye| dharma vahA~ kevala kavi ko preraNA de rahA hai| jisa sAhitya meM kevala dhArmika upadeza ho usase vaha sAhitya nizcita rUpa meM bhinna hai, jisameM dharma bhAvanA preraka zakti ke rUpa meM kAma kara rahI ho aura sAtha hI jo hamArI sAmAnya manuSyatA ko Andolita, mathita aura prabhAvita kara rahI ho| unakA vicAra hai ki dhArmika preraNA yA AdhyAtmika upadeza ko hamezA kAvyatva kA paripaMthI nahIM samajhA jAnA cAhiye anyathA hamAre sAhitya kI viphala sampadA cAhe vaha svayaMbha. puSpadaMta yA dhanapAla kI ho yA jAyasI, sara, tulasI kI ho, sAhitya kSetra se alaga kara dI jaayegii| isalie dhArmika hone mAtra se koI racanA sAhitya kSetra se khArija nahIM kI jA sktii| laukika kahAniyoM ko Azraya karake dharmopadeza denA isa deza kI prathA rahI hai| madhyayuga ke sAhitya kI pradhAna preraNA dharma sAdhanA hI rahI hai aura dharma buddhi ke kAraNa hI Aja taka prAcIna sAhitya surakSita raha sakA hai| jaina sAhitya ke sambandha meM A. dvivedI kA yaha abhimata zata-pratizata sahI hai| jaina-kAvya kA lakSya jIvana aura jagat ke prati jainAcAryoM kA eka vizeSa dRSTikoNa hai| saMsAra kI nazvaratA, samatvadRSTi, ahiMsA, jIvadayA aura naitika saMyama-niyama para unakA vizeSa dhyAna rahatA hai| isalie unhoMne sAhitya ko kevala kalA yA sAhitya ke lie nahIM maanaa| mAnava ke cAra puruSArthoM meM paramapuruSArtha-mokSa ko ve sAhitya kA sAdhya mAnate haiN| isIlie unhoMne sAhitya meM zrRMgAra kA rasarAjatva nahIM svIkAra kiyaa| ratiyA zrRMgAra manuSya ko uttejita karatA hai, bhoga-vilAsa kI jvAlA uddIpta karatA hai| isakI ora to manuSya svataH AkarSita hotA hai| isake zikSA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| yaha manuSya ko nirantara vyagra rakhatA hai, jabaki manuSya svabhAvataH zAntipriya hai, isalie jIvana meM zAnti yA zama hI kAmya hai| manuSya ko vAstavika zAnti, sukha-duHkhAdi drandoM se Upara uThakara prANimAtra ke prati samatva dhAraNa karane para hI milatI hai| ataH maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA pradhAnasvara zAnti yA zama kA hai, jisakI Aja saMsAra ko sarvAdhika AvazyakatA hai| isIlie yaha sAhitya Aja bhI utanA hI prAsaMgika hai, jitanA zatAbdiyoM pUrva thA aura utanA hI zatAbdI bAda taka rhegaa| yaha maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA sArvabhauma mahattvapUrNa pakSa hai aura sAhitya jagat ko yaha isakI anUThI bheMTa hai| inakA kathana hai ki zrRMgAra aura zama ke svastha samanvaya se hI mAnava ko jIvana kA caramalakSya prApta ho sakatA hai| isalie jaina lekhaka jIvana kI mAdakatA, indriya-lipsA aura kAmuka udvegoM kA parihAra antataH zama meM karate haiN| ina kAvyoM meM nAyaka apane yauvana meM yuddha, bhoga Adi meM avazya lipta hote haiM aura kavi vIra, zrRMgAra Adi ke vimarza kA avasara nikAla lete haiM, kintu anta meM ghaTanA krama apane carama para pahu~ca kara zAntarasa meM paryavasita ho jAtA hai| yaha bhAva bar3e-bar3e logoM ko kusamaya meM sahArA detA hai| parama-cariu meM lakSmaNa ke zakti lagane ke aksara para svayam padma zrIrAma jaba karuNAsamudra meM UbhacUbha kara rahe hote haiM, tabhI unheM jIvana kI nazvaratA aura zarIra kI kSaNabhaMguratA kA bodha hotA hai aura ve tatkSaNa paramazAnti prApta kara lete haiN| isI prakAra jaina muni sthUlibhadra ghora zrRMgArI nAyaka the kintu anta meM koza-vezyA ke prasaMgoMparAnta ve bhI paramasaMyamI, niSkAma tathA anAsakta ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra sAhitya dvarA vyaSTi evaM samaSTi ke mukti kI sAdhanA kI gaI hai| isalie sAmpradAyika-sAhitya samajha kara ise sAhitya kI koTi se khArija karanA apane pairoM meM hI kulhAr3I mAranA hai| bhAva kI dRSTi se saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza athavA maru-gurjara meM prApta samasta jaina sAhitya nizcaya hI eka zreNI kA hai| usameM sarvatra eka viziSTa dhArmika vAtAvaraNa milatA hai, kintu jaina kaviyoM ne sabase mahattvapUrNa yaha kArya kiyA hai ki unhoMne dharma kA sAhitya ke sAtha saphala samanvaya kiyaa| jisa samaya jainakavi kAvyarasa kI 76
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________________ hindI (maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya tarapha jhukatA hai, usa samaya usakI kRti sarasa evaM zreSTha kAvya kA spa dhAraNa kara letI hai| apabhraMza kavi svayaMbha puSpadaMta, jogindu, rAmasiMha aura dhanapAla ke pazcAt maru-gurjara ke zAlibhadrasUri, vinayaprabhasUri, ambadevasUri merunandana, bhaTTAraka sakalabhUSaNa, samayasundara, hIravijaya, yazovijaya Adi aneka ullekhanIya zreSTha kavi hai| dharmopadeza kA prasaMga jaba pradhAna bana jAtA hai, usa samaya vaha racanA avazya padyavaddha upadezAtmaka kRti bana jAtI hai| aisI bhI tamAma racanAyeM haiM, jinameM zrAvakoM ke lie AcAra, niyama-vrata Adi kI vyAkhyA padya meM kI gaI hai| jaise-- devasenakRta sAvayadhamma dohA, jinadattasUri kRta upadezarasAyana rAsa Adi, kintu samasta jaina sAhitya nizcaya hI isI koTi kA nahIM hai| vaha vipula aura bahu-AyAmI hai| unhoMne dhArmika evaM dArzanika viSayoM para pracura sarasa-kAvya, nATaka, rAsa Adi likhe haiN| isake sAtha hI sAhityazAstra, jyotiSa, Ayurveda, koSa, vyAkaraNa, gaNita, rAjanIti, purANa, zakuna, svapna vicAra ityAdi nAnA prakAra ke viSayoM para bhI vipula sAhitya vividha kAvyaspoM aura nAnA prakAra ke chaMdoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yaha vizAla sAhitya bahuta samaya taka zAstrabhaNDAroM meM banda par3A rahA aura bAharI duniyA ke lie anajAna thaa| isakI jAnakArI bRhattara pAThaka samAja ko dene kA sarvaprathama zreya yUropIya vidvAnoM ko hai| san 1845 meM aMgreja vidvAn ne varuruci ke prAkRta-prakAza kA susaMpAdita saMskaraNa prakAzita karake isakA zrIgaNeza kiyaa| usake bAda jarmana paMDita pizela ne 1877 I. meM hemacanda ke siddha-haima kA sampAdana prakAzana karake prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke adhyayana kI nIMva ddaalii| jarmanI ke hI anya vidvAn jaikobI ne samarAiccakahA, paumaracita Adi kI vidvatApUrNa bhUmikAoM ke sAtha unakA sampAdana prakAzana karake inake anupama kAvya-pakSa kI tarapha logoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyaa| bhaviSyadatta aura sanatkumAra ke saMskaraNoM ke prakAzana ne usa kSetra meM adhyayana kI vyApaka saMbhAvanAoM se logoM ko paricita kraayaa| bhAratIya vidvAnoM meM haraprasAda zAstrI, pI.DI. guNe, pro. hIrAlAla jaina, rAhula sAMskRtyAyana Adi ke pazcAt sarvazrI bAgacI, bhAyANI, desAI, dalAla, munijinavijaya, upAdhye, nAhaTA Adi ne bar3A mahattvapUrNa kArya isa kSetra meM kiyA hai| aba to idhara aneka viddhana kAryarata ho gaye hai aura jainabhaNDAroM meM bhI purAnI sar3hivAditA tathA gopana-vRtti nahIM raha gaI hai| ataH AzA hai ki nirantara naye-naye granthoM kI zodha, unake sampAdana aura prakAzana se isake adhyayana kA kSitija kramazaH vistRta hotA jaayegaa| mUlyAtmakatA sAmAnya manuSya kI pratiSThA aba hama isa sAhitya ke mUlya para vicAra kreNge| isa sAhitya kI kucha bahumUlya vizeSatAyeM hai, jinhoMne ise samagra bhAratIya sAhitya meM viziSTa mahattva pradAna kiyA hai, inameM sarvapradhAna vizeSatA hai kAvya meM sAmAnya manuSya ko sammAna denaa| saMskRta sAhitya meM sAmAnya vyakti ko prAyaH kAvya kA nAyaka nahIM banAyA jAtA thaa| kAvya kA sAdhAraNa vyakti ke sAtha sarvaprathama sambandha jaina sAhitya meM hI jor3A gyaa| niyama saMyama kA pAlana karane vAlA koI bhI AcAravAna zrAvaka yA zreSThi athavA sAdhAraNa zramika kAvya kA caritanAyaka banAyA jAne laga krAntikArI udAra dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya ko sacce artha meM janatA kA sAhitya mAnA jAnA caahie| Aja ke janavAdI aura pragatizIla sAhitya kI nIMva jaina sAhitya meM surakSita hai| dezI-bhASAoM ke Adhunika sAhitya ko maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya se yaha bahuta bar3I virAsata prApta huI hai| dhArmika sahiSNutA Amataura para jaina sAhitya meM kisI zalAkA puruSa kA caritra-citraNa kiyA jAtA hai athavA kisI vrata-niyama Adi kA mAhAtmya batAyA jAtA hai lekina apane mata kA pratipAdana karate hue bhI anekAntavAdI jainAcArya 77
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________________ DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra sAmpradAyika kaTTaratA ke vega meM kabhI sahiSNutA aura udAratA ko tilAMjali nahIM de detA hai| yaha udAratA isa sAhitya kI mahatI vizeSatA hai, jisake anupAlana kA saMketa-saMdeza jainakavi kisI bhI dharmopadezaka ko de sakatA hai kyoMki vaha korA para-upadeza kuzala nahIM hotA balki svayaM usakA AcaraNa niSThApUrvaka karatA hai| syAdvAda aura karmavAda ina racanAoM kA mUlAdhAra hai| karmavAda kI pratiSThA karmavAda meM aTUTa AsthA ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya DaMke kI coTa para kahatA hai ki manuSya apane karma kA phala avazya pAtA hai| karma se hI vaha bandhana meM par3atA hai aura apane karma se hI vaha mukta ho sakatA hai| koI dUsarA na use bA~dhatA hai, na chor3atA hai| manuSya ke puruSArtha para aisA dRr3ha vizvAsa saMsAra ke anya dharmAzrita sAhitya meM durlabha hai| vaiSNava-bhakti ke antargata bhI zrIkRSNa aura zrIrAma, brahma se manuSya ke rUpa meM avatarita hote haiM, kintu jaina arahanta apane karmoM dvArA manuSya se bhagavAna banate haiN| ve bhagavAna ko nIce avatarita karAne meM vizvAsa nahIM karate varan manuSya ko hI apane satkarmo dvArA mukta, zuddha caitanya bhagavAna banAne meM vizvAsa karate haiN| manuSya ke puruSArtha aura karma ke mahattva kI yaha ghoSaNA saMsAra ke anya dharma aura sAhitya ke lie maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya se prApta eka mahattvapUrNa preraNA hai| "karma pradhAna vizva kari rAkhA, jo jasa karai so tasa phala cAkhA" -- saMta tulasI kI ina paMktiyoM meM vahIM preraNA mukhara huI hai| bhakta se bhagavAna isIlie jainadharma meM bhagavAna aura bhakti kA svarUpa vaiSNavabhakti sAhitya se kucha bhinna prakAra kA hai| jaina bhakta vItarAga bhagavAna se apanI bhakti ke badale dayA, anugraha, prema Adi kI yAcanA nahIM krtaa| bhakta vItarAga para rIjha kara usase bhakti yA zraddhA karatA hai| karmoM kA kartA aura usake phala kA bhoktA svayaM jIva hai| isalie vaha apanI zraddhAbhakti ke badale vItarAga se dayA kI yAcanA nahIM krtaa| bhakti kA svarUpa samajhAte hue zrI devacanda jI kahate haiM ki-- ajakula gata kezarI lahere, nija pada siMha nihAla / tima prabhu bhakti bhavI lahere, Atama zakti smbhaal| jisa prakAra ajakula meM pAlita siMha - zAvaka siMha ke darzana mAtra se apane susupta siMhatva ko prApta kara letA hai, usI prakAra sAdhaka tIrthaMkara ke guNa, kIrtana, stavana ke dvArA nija meM jinatva kA bodha kara letA hai| stutisAdhaka kI antazcetanA ko jAgrata karatI hai aura vaha svayaM usa Adarza ko prApta karane kA prayatna karatA hai| vaha usake guNa kA smaraNa karake apane durguNoM se mukti ke lie sat prayatna meM svayaM laga jAtA hai| gItA kI ghoSaNA "sarvadharmAn parityajya mAmekaM zaraNaM vrj|" "ahaMtvAm sarva pApebhyo mokSayisyAmi mA zucaH" meM jaina bhakta vizvAsa karake apane kartavyoM aura dharmoM kI tilAJjali nahIM de detA balki apane karma para bharosA rakha kara nirantara saMyama, niyama aura dharmAcaraNa dvArA apanI mukti kA mArga svayaM prazasta karatA hai| bhakti kI pUrva paramparA hindI sAhitya meM bhakti kA praveza vaiSNava bhakti Andolana ke sAtha vi.saM. 14vIM-15vIM zatAbdI meM huA, kintu maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya meM "jayatihuana" stotra aura isI prakAra ke anya aneka stotra, stavana jaisI bhaktiparaka racanAyeM kAphI pahale se prApta hotI haiN| ataH hindI bhakti sAhitya kI aneka pUrvavartI vizeSatAyeM isa meM upalabdha hotI haiN| jainabhakti kAvya ko bhI niSkAma sakAmabhakti dhArA meM usI prakAra vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai jaise hindI kA nirguNa aura saguNa bhakti kAvya hai| vastutaH jainadharma sAhitya meM ThIka usI prakAra nirguNa aura 78
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________________ saguNa kA bheda nahIM hai, jaisA hindI bhakti sAhitya meM hai balki inameM samanvaya milatA hai| ve AtmA aura paramAtmA ko eka svIkAra karate haiM appA so paramappA inakA brahma nirguNa aura saguNa se para zuddha premasvarUpa hai| vaha / sAhitya sacce artha meM sat sAhitya kA anuvartI hai rahasyavAda, guru ko bhagavAna mAnanA, bAhyADambara kA virodha, cittazuddhi, saMsAra kI asAratA aura AtmA paramAtmA ke prati priya-premIspa meM vizvAsa isa sAhitya se hI saMta sAhitya taka pahu~cA hai| ataH isake adhyayana dvArA hindI kA saMta sAhitya jyAdA suvidhApUrvaka samajhA jA sakatA hai / ina logoM ne zAntarasa pradhAna dhArmika sAhitya dvArA vastutaH sAhitya ko hI usake uccatama Asana para pratiSThita kiyA hai aura usake mAdhyama se mAnava ko sahiSNutA, saMyama evaM Adarza kA saccA mArga dikhAyA hai| jaina bhakta kaviyoM meM AnaMdaghana bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa, banArasIdAsa Adi aneka uccakoTi ke kavi ho gaye haiN| Age calakara jainadharma meM tIrthaMkaro yakSa-yakSI ke rUpa meM vibhinna devI-devatAoM kA praveza hindU bhakti paramparA kA prabhAva ho sakatA hai| devI-devatAoM ke prati bhakti aura unase apane duHkhoM se mukti kI prArthanA bhI bhAgavata paramparA kA hI prabhAva hai| isa prakAra ke stotra aura stavana bhI bar3I saMkhyA meM maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha haiM, parantu the nizcaya hI paravartI haiN| prArambhika jaina stotra sAhitya meM aise bhAva nahIM milte| stotra stavana kI paramparA jaina sAhitya meM kAphI purAnI hai kyoMki jainadarzana ke SaDAvazyakoM meM ise dUsarA Avazyaka kahA gayA hai| yaha bhakti kisI uddhArakartA ke bharose baiThakara Alasya kI anumati nahIM detI balki svayaM apanI mukti ke lie sAdhaka ko saMyama aura kaThora sAdhanA kI preraNA detI hai / isa bhakti meM vastutaH jJAna aura karma kA saccA samanvaya hai| samasta jainazAstra cAra anuyogoM meM vibhakta hai (1) prathamAnuyoga, (2) karaNAnuyoga (vizva kA bhaugolika varNana ), (3) dharaNAnuyoga (sAdhuoM aura bhAvakoM kA anuzAsana aura (4) dravyAnuyoga (tatvajJAna) inameM se / prathamAnuyoga kA sambandha sAhitya se hai| samasta dhArmika kathA sAhitya prathamAnuyoga ke antargata ginA jAtA hai| jaina sAhitya meM prApta mahApurANa, purANa, caritakAvya, rUpakakAvya, kathAkAvya, sandhikAvya, rAso, stotra - stavana Adi vividha rUpa prathamAnuyoga ke antargata Ate haiM purANa zabda prAcIna kathA kA sUcaka hai| purANa meM eka hI mahApuruSa / kA jIvana aMkita hotA hai, jabaki mahApurANa meM aneka mahApuruSoM kA jIvana aMkita hotA hai mahApurANa meM 24 tIrthakara 12 cakravartI 9 vAsudeva 9 prativAsudeva aura 9 baladeva kula 63 mahApuruSoM (trizaSTizalAkA puruSoM) kA varNana hotA hai| jaina purANoM meM rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke pAtroM tathA ghaTanAoM kA varNana bhI jaina dharmAnusAra kiyA jAtA hai| prAyaH carita kAvyoM meM Azcarya tattva, camatkAra, vidyAdhara, gandharva, yakSa, deva Ai kA samAveza milatA hai| taMtra-maMtra, svapna- zakuna Adi kA bhI prabhAva dikhAyA jAtA bhA~ti inameM camatkAra dvArA pAThaka ko upadeza diyA jAtA hai| inake meM samartha aura nAnA camatkArI vidyAoM meM pAraMgata hote haiN| atimAnavIya pAtroM ko Adarza yA mAdhyama banAkara sAmAnya / hai / kathAnaka rUDhi AvazyakatAnusAra tyAga aura graha bhI AvazyakatAnusAra prAcIna yaha pUrva tathA uttara ke sa kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA maha-gurjara jaina bananA hindI (maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya SPA
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________________ DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra se unakA punarmilana prAyaH samasta sUphI aura anya sAhitya meM milatA hai| isI prakAra vimAtA kA roSa, devI-devatAoM kI kRpA, zApa Adi kathAnaka sadiyoM kA pUrvaspa bhI hameM maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya meM pracura spa se prApta hotA hai| kathAzilpa isI prakAra hameM maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya se kathAzilpa, kAvyaspa aura chanda Adi kA bhI avadAna prabhUta mAtrA meM prApta huA hai| adhikatara jaina kAvya saMdhiyoM meM vibhakta hai| pratyeka saMdhi aneka kar3akkoM se milakara banatI hai| kar3avaka kI samApti dhattA se hotI hai| isa prakAra kI zailI sUphI premAkhyAnoM meM khUba pracalita huii| A. zukla ne likhA hai ki caritakAvya ke lie jaina kAvya meM adhikatara caupAI aura dohoM kI paddhati grahaNa kI gaI hai| puSpadanta (vi.saM.1029).ke Adi purANa aura uttara-purANa se preraNA lekara yaha paramparA sUphiyoM ke premAkhyAna aura tulasI ke mAnasa tathA chatraprakAza, brajakliAsa Adi paravartI AkhyAna granthoM meM calatI rhii| isI prakAra kAvya zilpa ke kSetra meM bhI hindI, rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI para jaina maru-gurjara sAhitya kA bar3A RNa hai| dekhate haiM ki rasa, bhAva, bhASA ke alAvA sAhitya ke anya aMgoM jaise-- chanda, kAvyarUpa Adi para bhI maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA vyApaka prabhAva par3A hai aura ina bhASAoM kA sAhitya isa RNa ko svIkAra kara hI apanA astitva pramANita kara sakatA hai| chanda-yojanA chandoM ke kSetra meM apabhraMza aura maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kI maulika dena hai| mAtrika chandoM meM tuka athavA antyAnuprAsa ke dvarA laya aura saMgIta kA saMcAra pahalI bAra yahIM kiyA gyaa| antyAnuprAsa kA prayoga na to saMskRta kAvya meM milatA hai aura na prAkRta meN| ataH yaha maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kI paravartI bhASA sAhitya ko mahatI dena hai| jisa prakAra zloka kA sambandha saMskRta se, gAthA yA gAhA kA prAkRta se, usI prakAra dUhA yA dohA kA sambandha apabhraMza se jAnA jAtA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki dohA, chanda aura apabhraMza bhASA AbhIroM ke sAtha yahA~ aayii| apabhraMza se hokara dohA, caupAI, soraThA, chappaya Adi mAntrika chanda maru-gurjara meM aaye| ataH mAtrika chandoM kA hindI Adi Adhunika bhASAoM meM antyAnuprAsa ke sAtha pracura prayoga maru-gurjara kA hI prabhAva hai| kAvyarUpa kAvyaspoM kI dRSTi se jaina maru-gurjara sAhitya bar3A sampanna evaM vividhatApUrNa hai| jaina kaviyoM ne loka gItoM se dezI-dhunoM aura toM ko lekara DhAleM banAI aura unake prayoga dvarA unhoMne kAvya ko saMgIta se samanvita kiyaa| maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya meM kAvya-rUpoM kI saMkhyA saikar3oM haiN| inheM kaI prakAra se vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| jaise-- chandoM ke AdhAra para rAsa, phAgu, caupar3a, veli, carcarI, chappaya, dohA AdiH rAgoM kI dRSTi se bArahamAsA, jhUlaNA, lAvaNI, badhAvA, prabhAtI, gIta, pada AdiH nRtya kI dRSTi se garabA, DAMDiyA, dhavala, maMgala Adi ullekhanIya hai| isI prakAra kathA prabandha ke AdhAra para prabandha, khaNDa, pavADo, carita, AkhyAna, kathA, saMvAda, janmabhiSeka Adi tathA saMkhyA ke AdhAra para aSTaka, bIsI, caubIsI, bahottarI, chattIsI, bAvanI, sattarI, zataka Adi aneka bheda milate haiN| upAsanA ke AdhAra para bhI nAnA prakAra ke kAvyarUpa milate haiM, jaise -- vinatI, namaskAra, stuti, stavana, stotra aadi|isii prakAra aitihAsikatA ke AdhAra para paTTAvalI, gurvAvalI, talaharA Adi aneka bheda upalabdha hote haiN| kAvyarUpoM kI aisI samRddha vividhatA zAyada hI kisI bhASA-sAhitya meM upalabdha ho| yaha sampUrNa sampadA hindI, gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI bhASA sAhitya ko maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya se anAyAsa prApta ho gaI hai, jisake lie inakA sAhitya maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA sadaiva AbhArI rhegaa| 80
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________________ hindI ( maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahatva aura mUlya uparokta daSTiyoM se vicAra karane para yaha sAhitya atyanta mUlyavAna aura mahattvapUrNa hai, kintu isakA vAstavika mUlyAMkana abhI taka nahIM ho sakA hai| jisake kAraNa na kevala maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya pUrNatayA prakAza meM nahIM A pAyA, apitu hindI bhASA aura sAhitya ke aneka mahattvapUrNa pakSa bhI aMdhere meM raha gaye haiN| unake sambandha meM jo aTakala-paccU anumAna kie gaye haiM, ve eka ke bAda eka aprAmANika siddha hote jA rahe haiN| ataH AvazyakatA hai ki hama apanI bhUla kA parimArjana kareM aura lagana tathA ImAnadArI se isa vizAla evaM prAmANika sAhitya ke vividha pakSoM kA vistata evaM vaijJAnika adhyayana kreN| sandarbha-grantha - 2. laM 4. 5. 6. George Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. I, p. 170 Dr. Suniti 'Chatterjee Origin and Development of Bengali Language', p. 9. zrI mo.da. desAI 'marugurjara kavio', bhAga 1, pR. 14 A. gulerI 'purAnI hindI', pR. 76 agaracanda nAhaTA, rAjasthAnI sAhitya kA AdikAla ( paramparA vizeSAMka), pR. 167 There is enormous mass of Literature in various froms in Rajasthani of considerable historical importance. G.A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, p.10. * 3, mahAmanApurI, AI.TI.AI. roDa, bI.eca.yU., vArANasI