Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ anumAna anumAna zabda ke anumiti aura anumitikaraNa aise do artha haiM / jaba anumAna zabda bhAvavAcI ho taba anumiti aura jaba karaNavAcI ho taba anumitikaraNa artha nikalatA hai / anumAna zabdamaiM anu aura mAna aise do aMza haiM / anukA artha hai pazcAt aura mAnakA artha hai jJAna arthAt jo kisI anya jJAnake bAda hI hotA hai vaha anumAna | parantu vaha anya jJAna khAsa jJAna hI vivakSita hai, jo anumitikA kAraNa hotA hai | usa khAsa jJAna rUpase vyAptijJAna -- jise liGgaparAmarza bhI kahate haiM--iSTa hai / pratyakSa aura anumAna jJAnameM mukhya eka antara yaha bhI hai ki pratyakSa jJAna niyamase jJAnakAraNaka nahIM hotA, jaba ki anumAna niyamase jJAnakAraka hI hotA hai| yahI bhAva anumAna zabda meM maujUda 'Rtu' zake dvArA sUcita kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi pratyakSa bhinna dUsare bhI aise jJAna haiM jo anumAna koTi na gine jAne para bhI niyamase jJAnajanya hI haiM, jaise upamAna zAbda, arthApatti Adi; tathApi dara asala meM jaisA ki vaizeSika darzana tathA bauddha darzana meM mAnA gayA hai-- pramANa ke pratyakSa aura anumAna aise do hI prakAra haiN| bAkI ke saba pramANa kisI na kisI taraha anumAna pramANa meM samAe jA sakate haiM jaisA ki ukta dvipramANavAdI darzanoMne samAyA bhI hai ! anumAna kisI bhI viSayakA ho, vaha kisI bhI prakArake hetu janya kyoM na ho para itanA to nizcita hai ki anumAnake mUlameM kahIM na kahIM pratyakSa jJAnakA astitva avazya hotA hai| mUla meM kahIM bhI pratyakSa na ho aisA anumAna ho hI nahIM sakatA / jaba ki pratyakSa apanI utpatti meM anumAnakI apekSA kadApi nahIM rakhatA taba anumAna apanI utpatti meM pratyakSakI apekSA avazya rakhatA hai / yahI bhAva nyAyasUtragata anumAnake lakSaNa meM ' ' tatpUrvakam ' (1.1.5) 1. jaise 'tatpUrvaka' zabda pratyakSa aura anumAnakA paurvAparya pradarzita karatA hai vaise hI jaina paramparAmai mati aura zrutasaMjJaka do jJAnoMkA paurvAparya batalAnevAlA 'mavaM jeNa suyaM' ( nandI sU0 24 ) yaha zabda hai / vizeSA0 0 86, 105, 106 /
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 175 zabdase RSine vyakta kiyA hai, jisakA anusaraNa sAMkhyakArikA (kA0 5 ) zrAdike anumAna lakSaNa meM bhI dekhA jAtA hai / anumAna svarUpa aura prakAra nirUpaNa zrAdikA jo dArzanika vikAsa hamAre sAmane hai use tIna yugoM meM vibhAjita karake hama ThIka-ThIka samajha sakate haiM 1 vaidika yuga, 2 bauddha yuga aura 3 navyanyAya yuga / 1- vicAra karanese jAna par3atA hai ki anumAna pramANake lakSaNa aura prakAra zrAdikA zAstrIya nirUpaNa vaidika paramparA meM hI zurU huA aura usIkI vividha zAkhA meM vikasita hone lagA / isakA prAraMbha kaba huA, kahA~ huA, kisane kiyA, isake prAthamika vikAsane kitanA samaya liyA, vaha kina kina pradeza meM siddha huA ityAdi prazna zAyada sadA hI niruttara rheNge| phira bhI itanA to nizcita rUpase kahA jA sakatA hai ki isake prAthamika vikAsakA granthana bhI vaidika paraMparA ke prAcIna anya grantha meM dekhA jAtA hai ! yaha vikAsa vaidikayugIna isalie bhI hai ki isake prArambha karanemeM jaina aura bauddha paramparAkA hissA to hai hI nahIM balki ina donoM paramparAnane vaidika paramparA se hI ukta zAstrIya nirUpaNako zurU meM akSarazaH apanAyA hai / yaha vaidika yugIna anumAna nirUpaNa hameM do vaidika paramparAoM meM thor3e bahuta hera-phera ke sAtha dekhaneko milatA hai / (a) vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka paramparA -- isa paramparAko spaSTatayA vyakta karanevAle isa samaya hamAre sAmane prazasta aura zAbara do bhASya haiN| donoMmeM anumAnake do prakAroMkA hI ullekha hai' jo mUlameM kisI eka vicAra paramparAkA sUcaka hai / merA nijI bhI mAnanA hai ki mUlameM vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka donoM paramparAe~ kabhI abhinna thIM, jo Age jAkara kramaza: judI huI aura bhinnabhinna mArga se vikAsa karatI gaI / (ba) dUsarI vaidika paramparA meM nyAya, sAMkhya aura caraka ina tIna zAstroM 1. ' tattu dvividham -- pratyakSato dRSTasambandhaM sAmAnyato dRSTasambandhaM ca'-- zAbarabhA0 1. 1. 5 / etattu dvividham-dRSTaM sAmAnyato dRSTaM caM' - prazasta 0 pR0 205 / 2. mImAMsA darzana 'athAto dharmajijJAsA' meM dharmase hI hI vaizeSika darzana bhI 'athAto dharme vyAkhyAsyAmaH ' sUtra meM hotA hai / 'codanAlakSaNo'rtho dharmaH' aura 'tadvacanAdAmnAyasya prAmANyam' donoMkA bhAva samAna hai| zurU hotA hai vaise dharmanirUpaNa se zurU
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 176 kA samAveza hai / inameM anumAnake tIna prakAroMkA ullekha va varNana hai' ! vaizeSika tathA mImAMsaka darzana meM varNita do prakArake bodhaka zabda karIba karIba samAna haiM, jaba ki nyAya Adi zAstroMkI dUsarI paramparA meM pAye jAnevAle tIna prakAroMke bodhaka zabda eka hI haiN| alabattA saba zAstroM meM udAharaNa ekase nahIM haiM / 2 jaina paramparAmaiM sabase pahile anumAnake tIna prakAra anuyogadvArasUtra - jo I0 sa0 pahalo zatAbdIkA hai- hI pAye jAte haiM, jinake bodhaka zabda akSarazaH nyAyadarzanake anusAra hI haiN| phira bhI zranuyogadvAra varNita tIna prakAroMke udAharaNoMmeM itanI vizeSatA avazya hai ki unameM bheda-pratibheda rUpase vaizeSika-mImAMsaka darzana vAlI dvividha anumAnakI paramparAkA bhI samAveza ho hI gayA hai ! bauddha paramparAmaiM anumAna ke nyAyasUtravAle tIna prakArakA hI varNana hai jo eka mAtra upAyahRdaya ( pR0 13) meM abhI taka dekhA jAtA hai| jaisA samajhA jAtA hai, upAyahRdaya agara nAgArjunakRta nahIM ho to bhI vaha diGnAgakA pUrva - vartI avazya honA cAhie / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki IsAkI cauthI pA~cavI zatAbdI taka ke jaina-bauddha sAhitya meM vaidika yugIna ukta do paramparAoM ke anumAna varNanakA hI saMgraha kiyA gayA hai / taba takamaiM ukta donoM paramparAe~ mukhyatayA pramANake viSaya meM khAsakara anumAna praNAlIke viSaya meM vaidika paramparAkA hI anusaraNa karatI huI dekhI jAtI hai| 2- I0 sa0 kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI se isa viSaya meM bauddhayuga zurU hotA hai / bauddhayuga isaliye kaba taka jo anumAna praNAlI vaidika paramparAke anusAra hI mAnya hotI AI thI usakA pUrNa balase prativAda karake diGnAgane anumAna kA lakSaNa svatantra bhAvase racA aura usake prakAra bhI apanI bauddha dRSTise batalAe / diGnAgake isa naye zranumAnaH prasthAnako sabhI uttaravartI bauddha vidvAnoMne 3 1 ' pUrvavacchepavatsAmAnyato dRSTa' ca' nyAyasU0 1.1.5 / mAThara0 kA 0 5 / caraka sUtrasthAna zlo0 28, 26 / 2 'tivihe paNa te taMjar3A - puvvavaM, sesavaM, disAhammavaM / - anuyo 0 pR0 212A | 3 pramANasamu0 2. 1. Buddhist Logic Vol. I. p. 236,
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 177 apanAyA aura unhoMne diGanAgakI taraha hI nyAya prAdi zAstra sammata vaidika paramparAke anumAna lakSaNa, prakAra zrAdikA khaNDana kiyA jo ki kamI prasiddha pUrvavartI bauddha tAkikoMne khuda hI svIkRta kiyA thaa| abase vaidika aura bauddha tArkikoMke bIca khaNDana-maeDanakI khAsa Amane-sAmane chAvaniyA~ bana gii| vAtsyAyanabhASyake TIkAnuTokAkAra udyotakara, vAcaspati mizra zrAdine vasubandhu, diGnAga, dharmakIrti Adi bauddha tArkikoMke anumAnalakSaNapraNayana zrAdikA jorazorase khaNDana kiyA jisakA uttara kramika bauddha tArkika dete gae haiN| __bauddhayugakA prabhAva jaina paramparA para bhI pdd'aa| bauddhatArkikoMke dvArA vaidika paramparAsammata anumAna lakSaNa, bheda AdikA khaNDana hote aura svatantrabhAvase lakSaNapraNayana hote dekhakara siddhasena jaise jaina tArkikoMne bhI svatantramAvase apanI dRSTike anusAra anumAnakA lakSaNapraNayana kiyA / bhaTTAraka akalaGkane usa siddhasenIya lakSaNapraNayana mAtrameM hI santoSa na mAnA / para sAtha hI bauddhataHkiMkoMkI taraha vaidika paramparA sammata anumAnake bheda prabhedoMke khaNDanakA sUtrapAta bhI spaSTa kiyA jise vidyAnanda prAdi uttaravartI digambarIya tArkikoMne vistRta va pallavita kiyaa| nae bauddha yuga ke do pariNAma spaSTa dekhe jAte haiM / pahilA to yaha ki bauddha aura jaina paramparAmeM svatantra bhAvase anumAna lakSaNa zrAdikA praNayana aura apane hI pUrvAcAryoMke dvArA kabhI svIkRta vaidika paramparA sammata anumAnalakSaNa vibhAga zrAdikA khaNDana / dUsarA pariNAma yaha hai ki sabhI vaidika vidvAnoMke dvArA bauddha sammata anumAnapraNAlIkA khaNDana va apane pUrvAcArya sammata anumAna praNAlIkA sthApana / para isa dUsare pariNAmameM cAhe gauNa rUpase hI sahI eka bAta yaha bhI ullekha yogya dAkhila hai ki mAsarvajJa jaise vaidika paramparAke kisI 1 'anumAnaM liGgAdarthadarzanam'-nyAyapra0 pR071 nyAyavi0 2. 3 / tattvasaM0 kA0 1362 / 2 pramANasamu0 pari0 2 tattvasaM0 kA0 1442 / tAtparya0 pR0 180 / 3 nyAyavA0 pR0 46 / tAtparya0 pR0 180 / 4 'sAdhyAvinAbhuno liGgAtsAdhyanizcAyakaM smRtam / anumAnam'nyAyA0 5 / 5 nyAyavi0 2. 171, 172 / 6 tattvArthazlo0 pR0 205 / prameyaka pR0 105 / 12
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ tArkikake lakSaNa praNayanameM bauddha lakSaNakA bhI asara A gayA jo jaina tArkikoMke lakSaNa praNyana meM to bauddhayugake prArambhase ho Aja taka eka-sA calA AyA hai / 3- tIsarA navyanyAyayuga upAdhyAya gaMgezase zurU hotA hai / unhoMne apane vaidika pUrvAcAryoMke anumAna lakSaNako kAyama rakhakara bhI usameM sUkSma pariSkAra' kiyA jisakA zrAdara uttaravartI sabhI navya naiyAyikoM ne hI nahIM balki sabhI vaidika darzanake pariSkArakoM ne kiyA ! isa navIna pariSkArake samaya se bhAratavarSa meM bauddha tArkika karIba-karIba nAmazeSa ho ge| isalie bauddha granthoM meM isake svIkAra yA khaNDanake pAye jAnekA to sambhava hI nahIM para jaina paramparA ke bAre. aisA nahIM hai| jaina paramparA to pUrvakI taraha navyanyAyaagase Aja taka bhAratavaSama calI A rahI hai aura yaha bhI nahIM ki navyanyAyayugake marmajJa koI jaina tAkiM / hue bhI nahIM / upAdhyAya yazovijayajI jaise tatvacintAmaNi aura aAloka Adi navyanyAyake abhyAsI sUkSmaja tAkiMka jaina paramparAmeM hue haiM phira bhI unake tarkabhASA jaise granthane navyanyAyayugIna pariSkRta anumAna lakSaNakA svIkAra yA khaNDana dekhA nahIM jaataa| upAdhyAyajIne bhI apane tarkabhASA jaise pramANa viSayaka mukhya granthameM anupAnakA nanaNa vahI rakhA hai jo sabhI pUrvavartI zvetAmbara digambara tArkikoMke dvArA bhAnya kiyA gayA hai| zrAcArya hemacandrane anumAnakA jo lakSaNa kiyA hai vaha siddhasena aura akalaGka Adi prAktana jaina taarkikoke dvArA sthApita aura samarthita hI rahA / isameM unhoMne koI sudhAra yA nyUnAdhikatA nahIM kii| phira bhI hemacandrIya anumAna nirUpaNamaiM eka dhyAna dene yogya vizeSatA hai| vaha yaha ki pUrvavattI sabhI jaina tArkikoMne--jinameM abhayadeva, vAdI devasUri aAdi zvetAmbara tArkiko kA bhI samAveza hotA hai-vaidika paramparA sammata trividha anumAna praNAlIkA sATopa khaNDana kiyA thA, use prA0 hemacandra ne chor3a diyaa| yaha hama nahIM 1 'samyagavinAbhAvena parokSAnubhavasAdhanamanumAnam'-nyAyasAra pR0 5 / 2 nyAyA0 5 / nyAyadhi0 2.1 / pramANapa0 pR0 70 / parI0 3. 14 / 3 'atItAnAgatadhUmAdijJAne'pyanumitida rAnAna liGga ta tuH vyApArapUrvavartitayorabhAvAt......kintu vyAptijJAnaM karaNaM parAmarzo vyApAra:'-tatvaci0 parAmarza pR0 536-50 / 4 sanmatiTI0 pR0 556 / syAdvAdara pR0 527 /
Page #6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 175 kaha sakate ki hemacandrane saMkSeparucikI dRSTi se usa khaNDanako jo pahilese barAbara jaina granthoM meM calA A rahA thA chor3A, ki pUrvApara asaMgatikI dRSTise / jo kucha ho, para AcArya hemacandrake dvArA vaidika paramparA sammata anumAna traividhyake khaNDanakA parityAga honese, jo jaina granthoM meM khAsakara zvetAmbarIya granthoM meM eka prakArako asaMgati A gaI thI vaha dUra ho gii| isakA zreya AcArya hemacandra ko hI hai| asaMgati yaha thI ki aAryarakSita jaise pUrvadhara samajhe jAnevAle zrAgamadhara jaina AcAryane nyAya sammata anumAnatraividhyakA bar3e vistArase svIkAra aura samarthana kiyA thA jisakA unhIM ke uttarAdhikArI abhayadevAdi zvetAmbara tAkiMkoMne sAveza khaNDana kiyA thaa| digambara paramparAmeM to yaha asaMgati isalie nahIM mAnI jA sakatI ki vaha AryarakSitake anuyogadvArako mAnatI hI nahIM / ataeva agara digambaroya tArkika akalaGka Adine nyAyadarzana sammata anumAnatraividhyakA khaNDana kiyA to vaha apane pUrvAcAryoMke mArgase kisI bhI prakAra viruddha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / para zvetAmbaroya paramparAkI bAta dUsarI hai| abhayadeva Adi zvetAmbarIya tArkika jinhoMne nyAyadarzana sammata anumAnatraividhyakA khaNDana kiyA, ve to anumAnatraividhyake pakSapAtI AryarakSitake anugAmI the| ataeva unakA vaha khaNDana apane pUrvAcArya ke usa samarthanase spaSTayatayA mela nahIM khaataa| prAcArya hemacandrane zAyada socA ki zvetAmbarIya tArkika akalaGka Adi digambara tAkikoMkA anusaraNa karate hue eka svaparamparAkI asaMgatimeM par3a gae haiN| isI vicArase unhoMne zAyada apanI vyAkhyA meM trividha anumAnake khaNDanakA parityAga kiyaa| sambhava hai isI hemacandropajJa asaMgati parihArakA aAdara upAdhyAya yazovijayajIne bhI kiyA aura apane tarkabhASA granthameM vaidika paramparA sammata anumAnatraividhdhakA nirAsa nahIM kiyA, jaba ki hetu ke nyAyasammata pAJcarUpyakA nirAsa avazya kiyA / I0 1636] [pramANa mImAMsA