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________________ Agama-tulya granthoM kI prAmANikatA kA mUlyAMkana DaoN0 ena0 ela0 jaina rIvA, ma0 pra0 vartamAna vaijJAnika yuga kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki isameM vibhinna mautika va AdhyAtmika tathyoM aura ghaTanAoM ko bauddhika parIkSA ke sAtha prAyogika sAkSya ke AdhAra para bhI vyAkhyA karane kA prayatna hotA hai| donoM prakAra ke saMpoSaNa se AsthA balavatI hotI hai / vaijJAnika mastiSka dArzanika yA santa ko svAnubhUti, divyadRSTi yA mAtra bauddhika vyAkhyA se 'santuSTa nahIM hotaa| isI liye vaha prAcIna zAstroM, zabda yA veda kI pramANatA kI dhAraNA kI bhI parIkSA karatA hai / jaina zAstroM meM prAcIna zruta kI pramANatA ke do kAraNa diye haiM: (1) sarvajJa, gaNadhara, unake ziSya-praziSyoM dvArA racanA aura (2) zAstra varNita tathyoM ke liye bAdhaka pramANoM kA abhaav| isa AdhAra para jaba aneka zAstrIya vivaraNoM kA Adhunika vaijJAnika dRSTi se adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai, taba munizrI nandighoSa vijaya ke anusAra bhI spaSTa bhinnatAyeM dikhAI par3atI haiN| aneka sAdhu, vidvAn, paramparApoSaka aura prabuddhajana ina bhinnatAoM ke samAdhAna meM do prakAra ke dRSTikoNa apanAte haiM : (a) vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa ke anusAra jJAna kA pravAha vardhamAna hotA hai / phalataH prAcIna varNanoM meM bhinnatA jJAna ke vikAsa patha ko nirUpita karatI hai| ve prAcIna zAstroM ko isa vikAsapatha ke eka mIla kA patthara mAnakara inheM aitihAsika pariprekSya meM svIkRta karate haiN| isase ve apanI bauddhika pragati kA mUlyAMkana bhI karate haiM / (ba) paramparApoSaka dRSTikoNa ke anusAra samasta jJAna sarvajJa, gaNadharoM evaM ArAtIya AcAryoM ke zAstroM meM nirUpita hai / vaha zAzvata mAnA jAtA hai / isa dRSTikoNa meM jJAna kI pravAharUpatA evaM vikAsa prakriyA ko sthAna prApta nahIM hai / isaliye jaba vibhinna vivaraNoM tathyoM aura unako vyAkhyAoM meM Adhunika jJAna ke pariprekSya meM bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, taba isa koTi ke anusartA vijJAna kI nirantara parivartanIyatA evaM zAstrIya aparivartanIyatA kI carcA uThAkara paramparA -poSaNa ko hI mahatva dete haiM / yaha prayatna avazya kiyA jAtA hai ki ina vyAkhyAoM se adhikAdhika saMgatatA Ave cAhe isake liye kucha khIMcatAna hI kyoM na karanI pdd'e| aneka vidvAnoM ko yaha dhAraNA saMbhavataH unheM arucikara pratIta hogI ki aMga sAhitya kA vijaya yugAnusAra parivartita hotA rahatA hai / satya ho, poSaNa kA artha kevala saMrakSaNa hI nahIM, saMvardhana bhI hotA hai| jaina zAstroM ke kAkadRSTIya adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki zAstrIya AcAravicAra kI mAnyatAyeM navamI-dazamI sadI taka vikasita hotI rahI haiN| isake bAda inheM sthira evaM aparivartanIya kyoM mAnaliyA gayA, yaha zodhanIya hai| zAstrI kA mata hai ki paramparApoSaka vRtti kA kAraNa saMbhavataH pratimA kI kamI tathA rAjanItika asthiratA mAnA jA sakatA hai| pApacIrutA bhI isakA eka saMbhAvita kAraNa ho sakatI hai / isa sthiti ne samagra bhAratIya pariveza ko prabhAvita kiyA hai / zAstrI ne ArAtIya AcAryoM ko zrutadhara, sArasvata, prabuddha paramparApoSaka evaM AcAryatulya koTiyoM meM vargIkRta kiyA hai / inameM prathama tIna koTiyoM ke pramukha AcAryoM ke granthoM kA adhyayana karane para spaSTa hotA hai ki pratyeka AcArya
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________________ 96 50 jaganmohanalAla zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha [khaNDa ne apane yuga meM paramparAgata mAnyatAoM meM yugAnurUpa nAma, bheda, artha aura vyAkhyAoM meM parivardhana, saMzodhana tathA vilopana kara svataMtra cintana kA paricaya diyA hai| inake samaya meM jJAnapravAha gatimAn rahA hai| isa gatimattA ne hI hameM AdhyAtmika, sAMskRtika, aitihAsika evaM rAjanItika dRSTi se garimA pradAna kI hai| hama cAhate haiM ki iso kA AlaMbana lekara nayA yuga aura bhI garimA prApta kre| isake liye mAtra paraMparApoSaNa kI dRSTi se hameM Upara uThanA hogaa| AcAryoM kI prathama tIna koTiyoM kI pravRtti kA anusaraNa karanA hogaa| upAdhyAya amara muni ne bhI isa samasyA para manthana kara aisI hI dhAraNA prastuta kI hai| hama isa lekha meM kucha zAstrIya mantavya prakAzita kara rahe haiM jinase yahI mantavya siddha hotA hai| AcAryoM aura pranthoM kI prAmANikatA hamane jinasena ke 'sarvajJoktyanuvAdinaH' ke rUpa meM AcAryoM dvArA praNIta granthoM kI prAmANikatA kI dhAraNA sthira kI hai| para jaba vidvajjana inakA samucita aura sUkSma vizleSaNa karate haiM, to isa dhAraNA meM sandeha utpanna hotA hai evaM sandeha nivAraka dhAraNAoM ke liye preraNA milatI hai| sarvaprathama hama mahAvIra ko AcArya paramparA para hI vicAra kreN| hameM vibhinna srotoM se mahAvIra nirvANa ke pazcAt 683 varSoM kI AcArya paramparA prApta hotI hai| isameM kama-se-kama cAra visaMgatiyAM pAI jAtI haiN| do kA samAdhAna jaMbUdvIpa prapti se hotA hai, para anya do yathAvat banI huI haiM : (i) mahAvIra ke pramukha uttarAdhikArI gautama gaNadhara hue| usake bAda aura jaMbU svAmI ke bIca meM lohArya aura sudharmA svAmI ke nAma bhI Ate haiM / yaha to acchA rahA ki jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti meM spaSTa rUpa se sudharmA svAmI aura lohArya ko abhinna banAkara yaha visaMgati dUra kI aura tIna hI kevalI rahe / (ii) pAMca zrutakevaliyoM ke nAmoM meM bhI antara hai| pahale hI zrutakevalo kahIM 'nandI' haiM to kahIM 'viSNu' kahe gaye haiN| inheM viSNunaMdi mAnakara samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai / (iii) dhavalA meM subhadra, yazobhadra, madrabAhu evaM lohAcArya ko kevala eka AcArAMgadhArI mAnA hai jabaki prAkRta padrAvalI meM inheM kramazaH 10, 9,8 aMgadhArI mAnA hai| isa prakAra ina cAra AcAyoM kI yogyatA vivAdagrasta hai| (iv) 683 varSa kI mahAvIra paramparA meM ekAMgadhArI puSpadaMta-bhUtabali sahita pAMca AcAyoM ( 118 varSa ) ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai aura kahIM unheM chor3akara hI 683 varSa kI paramparA dI gaI hai jaisA saarnnii| se spaSTa hai / eka sUcI meM 10, 9, 8 aMgadhAriyoM ke nAma hI nahIM haiN| phalataH AcAryoM kI paramparA meM hI nAma, yogyatA aura kAryakAla meM bhinnatA hai| yaha paramparA mahAvIra-uttara kAlIna hai| mahAvIra ne vibhinna yuga ke AcAryoM ke liye bhinna-bhinna paramparA ke lekhana kI divyadhvani vikIrNa na kI hogii| Adhunika dRSTi se ina visaMgatiyoM ke do kAraNa saMbhava haiM : (a) prAcIna samaya ke vibhinna AcAryoM aura unake sAhitya ke samucita saMcaraNa evaM prasAraNa kI vyavasthA aura prakriyA kA abhAva /
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________________ 2 ] ( ba ) upalabdha pratyakSa, apUrNaM yA parokSa sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para paramparApoSaNa kA prayatna / meM ye hI kAraNa prAmANikatA meM praznacihna lagAte haiN| phira yaha prazna to raha hI jAtA hai ki kauna-sI naye yuga sUcI pramANa hai ? 3. kevalI 5. bhutakevalI 11. dazapUrvadhArI 5. ekAdazAMgadhArI 4. 10, 9, 8 aMgadhAroM 4. ekAMgadhArI 1. guNadhara 2. dharasena 3. puSpadaMta 4. bhUtabali sAraNI 1. dhavalA aura prAkRta paTTAvalI kI 683 varSa-paramparA dhavalA paramparA 62 varSa 9. kuMdakuMda 6. umAsvAti 7. vara 8. zivArya 9. svAmikumAra ( kArtikeya ) 100, 183 " 220 " - Agama-tulya granthoM kI prAmANikatA kA mUlyAMkana 97 118 683 683 mUlAcAra' ke anusAra, AcArya ziSyAnugraha, dharma evaM maryAdAoM kA upadeza, saMgha- pravartana evaM gaNa-parirakSaNa kA kArya karate haiM / antima do kAryoM ke liye etihAsika evaM jIvana paramparA kA grathana Avazyaka hai / para prArambha ke prAyaH sabhI pramukha AcAryoM kA jIvanavRtta anumAnataH hI niSkarSita hai / Atma- hitaiSiyoM ke liye isakA mahatva na bhI mAnA jAve, to bhI paramparA yA jJAnavikAsa kI kramikadhArA aura usake tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke liye yaha atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai / prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI isa itihAsa - nirapekSatA kI vRti ko guNa mAnA jAya yA doSa yaha vicAraNIya hai| eka ora hameM 'ajJAtakulazIlasya, vAso deyo na kasyacit' kI sUkti paDhAI jAtI hai, dUnarI ora hameM aise hI sabhI AcAryoM ko pramANa mAnane kI dhAraNA dI jAtI hai / yaha aura aisI hI anya paraspara virodhI mAnyatAoM ne hamArI bahuta hAni kI hai / udAharaNArtha, zAstrI dvArA samIkSita vibhinna AcAryoM ke kAla-vicAra ke AdhAra para prAya: samI prAcIna AcArya samasAmayika siddha hote haiM : 114 I0 pU0 50-100 I0 60 - 106 I0 76-136 I0 81 - 165 I0 100-180 I0 prAkRta paTTAvalI paramparA 62 varSa 100 183, 123 " 97 118 prathama sadI 12 ( pAMca ekAMgadhArI ) " 31 1-2 sadI 1-2 sadI 2 sadI prathama sadI prathama sadI 2-3 rI sadI saurASTra, mahArASTra AMdhra, mahArASTra AMdhra tAmilanADu "" inameM guNadhara, dharasena, puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali kA pUrvAparyaM aura samaya to paryApta yathArthatA se anumAnita hotA hai / kuMdakuMda aura umAsvAti ke samaya para paryApta carcAyeM milatI haiN| yadi inheM mahAvIra ke 683 varSa bAda hI mAneM, 13 ,, mathurA gujarAta
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________________ [ khaNDa 98 paM0 jaganmohanalAla zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha to inameM se koI bhI AcArya dUsarI sadoM kA pUrvavartI nahIM ho sakatA ( 683-527 = 156 I0 ) / inheM guru-ziSya mAnane meM bhI aneka bAdhaka tarka haiM : (i) umAsvAti kI bAraha bhAvanAoM ke nAma va krama kuMdakuMda se bhinna haiM / paMcAcAra aura zivArya ke caturAcAra ko samyak ratnatraya meM parivardhita kiyA / unhoMne tapa aura vIrya ko cAritra meM hI antarbhUta mAnA / (ii) umAsvAti ne vaTTakera ke (iii) kuMdakuMda ke ekArthI pA~ca astikAya, chaha dravya, sAta tatva aura no padArthoM kI vividhA ko dUra kara unhoMne sAta tatvoM kI mAnyatA ko pratiSThita kiyA / (iv) umAsvAti ne advaitavAda yA nizcaya vyavahAra dRSTiyoM kI varIyatA para mAdhyastha bhAva rakhA / (v) umAsvAti ne jJAna ko pramANa batAkara jaina vidyAoM meM sarvaprathama pramANavAda kA samAveza kiyA / (vi) umAsvAti ne zrAvakAcAra ke antargata gyAraha pratimAoM para mauna rkhaa| saMbhavataH isameM unheM punarAvRtti lagI ho / ( vii ) unhoMne sallekhanA ko zrAvaka ke dvAdaza vratoM se pRthaka mAnA / (viii) unhoMne sapta tatvoM meM baMdha mokSa kA kuMda-kuMda svIkRta krama amAtya kara baMdha ko cauthA aura mokSa ko sAtavAM sthAna diyA / ziSyatA se mArgAnusAritA apekSita hai / parantu lagatA hai ki umAsvAti pratibhA ke dhanI the / unhoMne tatkAlIna samagra sAhitya meM vyApta carcAoM kI vividhatA dekhakara apanA svayaM kA mata banAyA thaa| yahI dRSTikoNa vartamAna meM apekSita hai / umAsvAti ke samAna anya AcAryoM ne bhI sAmayika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI dRSTi se paraMparAgata mAnyatAoM meM saMyojana evaM parivardhana Adi kiye haiM / isaliye dhArmika granthoM meM pratipAdita siddhAnta, carcAyeM yA mAnyatAyeM aparivartanI haiM, aisI mAnyatA tarkasaMgata nahIM lagatI / vibhinna yugoM ke granthoM ko dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki ahiMsAdi pA~ca nItigata siddhAntoM kI paraMparA bhI mahAvIra yuga se hI calI hai / isake pUrva bhagavAn riSabha kI triyAma ( samatva, satya, svAyattatA ) evaM pArzvanAtha kI caturyAya paraMparA thI / " mahAvIra ne hI acelakatva ko pratiSThita kiyaa| mahAvIra ne yuga ke anurUpa aneka parivardhana kara paraMparA ko vyApaka banAyA / vyApakIkaraNa kI prakriyA ko bhI paraMparApoSaNa hI mAnA jAnA cAhiye / yadyapi Aja ke aneka vidvAna isa niSkarSa se sahamata nahIM pratIta hote para paraMparAyeM to parivardhita aura vikasita hokara hI jIvanta rahatI haiN| vastutaH dekhA jAya, to jo loga mUla AmnAya jaisI zabdAvalI kA prayoga karate haiM, usakA vidvat jagata ke lie koI artha hI nahIM hai / bIsavIM sadI meM isa zabda kI sahI paribhASA denA hI kaThina hai / ma0 riSabha ko mUla mAnA jAya yA bha0 mahAvIra ko ? isa zabda kI vyutpatti svayaM yaha pradarzita karatI hai ki yaha vyApakIkaraNa kI prakriyA ke prati anudAra hai| hA~, bIsavIM sadI ke kucha lekhaka " samanvaya kI thor3I-bahuta saMbhAvanA ko avazya svIkAra karane lage haiM / saiddhAntika mAnyatAoM meM saMzodhana aura unakI svIkRti uparokta tathA anya aneka tathyoM se yaha patA calatA hai ki samaya-samaya para hamane apanI pUrvagata aneka saiddhAntika mAnyatAoM ke saMzodhanoM ko svIkRta kiyA hai jinameM kucha nimna haiM :
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________________ Agama-tulya granthoM kI prAmANikatA kA mUlyAMkana 99 (i) hamane vibhinna tIrthaMkaroM ke yuga meM pracalita triyAma, caturyAma aura paMcayAma dharma ke parivardhana ko svIkRta kiyaa| (ii) hamane vibhinna AcAryoM ke paMcAcAra, caturAcAra evaM ratnatraya ke kramazaH nyUnIkaraNa ko svIkRta kiyA / (iii) hamane pravAhamAna ( paraMparAgata ) aura apravAhyamAna ( saMvardhita ) upadezoM ko bhI mAnyatA dii|'2 (iv) akalaMka aura anuyoga dvAra satra ne lokika saMgati baiThAne ke liye pratyakSa ke do bheda kara diye jinake virodhI artha haiM : laukika aura pAramArthika / inheM bhI hamane svIkRta kiyA aura yaha aba siddhAnta hai / 13 (v) nyAya vidyA meM pramANa zabda mahatvapUrNa hai| isakI carcA ke badale umAsvAtipUrva sAhitya meM jJAna aura usake samyaktva yA mithyAtva kI hI carcA hai| pramANa zabda kI paribhASA bhI 'jJAnaM pramANaM' se lekara aneka bAra parivadhita huI hai / isakA vivaraNa dvivedI ne diyA hai / 14 (vi) hamane ardhapAlaka aura yApanIya AcAryoM ko apane garbha meM samAhita kiyA jinake siddhAnta tathAkathita mUla paraMparA se aneka bAtoM meM bhinna pAye jAte haiN| ye to saiddhAntika parivardhanoM kI sUcanAyeM haiN| ye hamAre dharma ke AdhArabhUta tathya rahe haiN| ina parivardhanoM ke pariprekSya meM hamArI zAstrIya mAnyatAoM kI aparivartanIyatA kA tarka kitanA saMgata hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai / munizrI ne isa samasyA ke samAdhAna ke liye zAstra aura grantha kI spaSTa paribhASA batAI hai| unake anusAra kevala adhyAtma vidyA hI zAstra hai jo aparivartanIya hai, unameM vidyamAna anya varNana grantha kI sImA meM Ate haiM aura ve parivardhanIya ho sakate haiN| zAstroM meM pUrvApara virodha zAstroM kI pramANatA ke liye pUrvApara-virodha kA abhAva bhI eka pramukha bauddhika kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai| para yaha dekhA gayA hai ki aneka zAstroM ke aneka saMddhAntika vivaraNoM meM paraspara virodha to hai hI, eka hI zAstra ke vivaraNoM meM bhI visaMgatiyAM pAI jAtI haiN| paraMparApoSI TIkAkAroM ne aise virodhI upadezoM ko bhI grAhya batAyA hai| yaha to unhoMne svIkRta kiyA hai ki virodhI yA bhinna matoM meM se eka hI satya hogA, para vIrasena, vasunandi jaise TIkAkAra aura chadmasthoM meM satyAsatya nirNaya kI viveka kSamatA kahA~ ?15 ina virodhI vivaraNoM kI ora aneka vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa huA hai| sabase pahale hama mUla granthoM ke viSaya meM hI soNceN| sAraNI 2 se jJAta hotA hai ki kaSAya prAbhUta, mUlAcAra evaM kuMdakuMda sAhitya ke bhinna-bhinna TIkAkAroM ne tattat granthoM meM sUtra yA gAthA kI saMkhyAoM meM ekarUpatA hI nahIM paaii| isake aneka rUpa meM samAdhAna diye jAte haiN| isa bhinnatA kA sadbhAva hI inakI prAmANikatA kI jAMca ke liye prerita karatA hai| ye atirikta gAthAyeM kaise AI? kyoM hamane inako bhI prAmANika mAna liyA ? yahI nahIM, ina granthoM meM aneka gAthAoM kA punarAvartana hai jo grantha nirmANa prakriyA se pUrva paraMparAgata mAnI jAtI haiN| ye saMghabheda se pUrva kI hone ke kAraNa aneka zvetAMbara granthoM meM bhI pAI jAtI haiN| gAthAoM kA yaha antara anyonya virodha to mAnA hI jaavegaa| kUdakuMda-sAhitya ke vipatra meM to yaha aura bhI acarajakArI hai ki donoM TIkAkAra lagabhaga 100 varSa ke antarAla meM hI utpanna hue|
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________________ 100 paM0 jaganmohanalAla zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha [khaNDa grantha 1. kaSAya pAhur3a 2. kaSAya pAhuDacUNi 3. satprarUpaNA sUtra 4. mUlAcAra 5. samayasAra 6. paMcAstikAya 7. pravacanasAra 8. rayaNasAra sAraNI : 2 : kucha mUla granthoM kI gaathaa| sUtra saMkhyA gAthA saMkhyA, gAthA saMkhyA, prathama TIkAkAra dvitIya TIkAkAra 180 233 ( jaya dhavalA) 8000 zloka ( ti050) 7000 " 177 1252 ( vasunaMdi) 1409 ( medhacaMdra) 415 ( amRtacaMdra ) 445 ( jayasena) 173 191 275 155 167 - zAstroM meM saiddhAntika carcAoM ke virodho vivaraNa yaha vivaraNa do zIrSakoM meM diyA jA rahA hai : (i) eka hI prantha meM asaMgata carcA-mUlAcAra ke paryApti adhikAra kI gAthA 79-80 paraspara asaMgata haiM.5: gAthA 79 gAthA 80 saudharma svarga kI deviyoM kI utkRSTa Ayu 5 palya 5pa. IzAna svarga kI deviyoM kI utkRSTa Ayu 7 palya 5pa. sAnatkumAra svarga meM deviyoM ko utkRSTa Ayu 9 pa. 175. ghavakhA ke do prakaraNa16-(i) khuddaka bandhake alpa bahutva anuyoga dvAra meM vanaspati kAyika jIvoM kA pramANa sUtra 74 ke anusAra sUkSma vanaspati kAyika jIvoM se vizeSa adhika hotA hai jaba ki sUtra 75 ke anusAra sakSma vanaspati kAyika jIvoM kA pramANa vanaspati kAyika jIvoM se vizeSa adhika hotA hai| donoM kathana paraspara birodhI haiM / yahI nahIM, sUkSma vanaspati kAyika jIva aura sUkSma nigoda jIva vastutaH eka hI haiM, para inakA nirdeza pRthak-pRthak hai| (i) bhAgAbhAgAnugama anuyoga dvAra ke sUtra 34 ko vyAkhyA meM visagatiyoM ke liye vIrasena ne sujhAyA hai ki satyAsatya kA nirNaya Agama nipuNa loga hI kara sakate haiM / (ii) bhinna-bhinna granthoM meM asaMgata carcAyeM-(i) tIna vAtavalayoM kA vistAra yativRSama aura siMha sUrya ne alaga-alaga diyA hai: ( a ) triloka prajJapti meM kramazaH 11, 11 va 113 koza vistAra hai| ( ba ) loka vibhAga meM kramazaH 2, 1 koza, evaM 1575 dhanuSa vistAra hai / isI prakAra sAsAina guNasthAnavartI jIva ke punarjanma ke prakaraNa meM yativRSama niyama se use devagati hI pradAna karate haiM jaba ki kucha AcArya use ekendriyAdi jIvoM kI tithaMca gati pradAna karate haiN| uccAraNAcArya aura yativRSama ke
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________________ 2] Agama-tulya granthoM kI prAmANikatA kA mUlyAMkana 101 viSaya ke nirUpaNa ke antaroM ko vIrasena ne jayadhavalA meM nayavivakSA ke AdhAra para sulajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai / isI prakAra, uccAraNAcArya kA yaha mata ki bAIsa prAkRtika vibhakti ke svAmI caturgatika jIva hote haiM-yativRSama ke kevala manuSya-svAmitva se mela nahIM khAtA / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM sAdhuoM ke 28 va 36 mUlaguNoM kI carcA ke samaya kahA hai, "prAkRta TIkAyAM tu aSTAviMzati gunnaaH| AcAravatvAyazcASTI-iti SaTtriMzat / " isI grantha meM 17 maraNa batAye hai para anya granthoM meM itanI saMkhyA nahIM batAI gaI hai|8 zAstrI ne batAyA hai ki 'SaTkhaMDAgama' aura kaSAyaprAbhUta' meM aneka tathyoM meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| isakA ullekha 'tantrAntara' zabda se kiyA gayA hai| unhoMne dhavalA, jayadhavalA evaM trilokaprajJapti ke aneka mAnyatA bhedoM kA bhI saMketa diyA hai| ina mAnyatA bhedoM ke rahate inakI prAmANikatA kA AdhAra kevala inakA aitihAsika pariprekSya hI mAnA jaavegaa| AcAra-vivaraNa saMbaMdhI visaMbatiyA~ zAstroM meM saiddhAntika carcAoM ke samAna AcAra-vivaraNa meM bhI visaMgatiyAM pAI jAtI haiN| inameM se kucha kA ullekha yahA~ kiyA jA rahA hai / zrAvaka ke ATha mUlaguNa--zrAvakoM ke mUlaguNoM kI varaMparA bAraha bratoM se arvAcIna hai| phira bhI, ise samantabhadra se to prArambha mAnA hI jA sakatA hai| inakI ATha kI saMkhyA meM kisa prakAra samaya-samaya para parivardhana evaM samAharaNa haA hai; yaha dekhiye :19 1. samantabhadra 2. AzAdhara 3. anya tIna makAra tyAga tIna makAra tyAga tIna makAra tyAga paMcANu brata pAlana paMcodumbara tyAga paMcodumbara tyAga, rAtri bhojana tyAga, devapUjA, jIvadayA, chanA jalapAna samayAnukUla svaicchika parivartanoM ko terahavIM sadI ke paNDita AzAdhara taka ne mAnya kiyA hai| yahA~ zAstrI * samantabhadra kI mUlaguNa-gAthA ko prakSipta mAnate haiM / bAIsa abhakSya-sAmAnya jaina zrAvaka tathA sAdhuoM ke AhAra se sambandhita bhakSyAmakSya vivaraNa meM dasavI sadI taka bAIsa abhakSyoM kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| malAcAra evaM AcArAMga ke anusAra, acita kiye gaye kandamUla, bahuvIjaka ( nirvIjita ) Adi kI bhakSyatA sAdhuoM ke liye varNita hai / 21 para unheM gRhasthoM ke liye bhakSya nahIM mAnA jaataa| vastutaH gRhastha hI apanI viziSTa caryA se sAdhupada kI ora bar3hatA hai, isa dRSTi se yaha virodhAbhAsa hI kahanA cAhiye / somadeva Adi ne bhI gRhasthoM ke liye prAsuka-aprAsuka kI sImA nahIM rkhii| saMbhavataH nemicaMdra sUri ke pravacana sArodAra27 meM aura bAda meM mAna vijaya gaNi ke dharmasaMgraha 28 meM dasavIM sadI aura usake bAda sarvaprathama vAisa amakSyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| digaMbara granthoM meM daulatarAma ke samaya hI 53 kriyAoM meM abhakSyoM kI saMkhyA bAIsa batAI gaI hai| phalataH bhakSyAbhakSya vicAra vikasita hote-hote dasavIM sadI ke bAda hI rUr3ha ho sakA hai| AhAra ke ghaTaka--makSya AhAra ke ghaTakoM meM bhI antara pAyA jAtA hai| mUlAcAra kI gAthA 822 meM AhAra ke chaha ghaTaka batAye gaye haiM jabaki gAthA 826 meM cAra ghaTaka hI batAye haiN| aise hI aneka tathyoM ke AdhAra para mUlAcAra kA saMgraha grantha mAnane kI bAta kahI jAtI hai|"
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________________ 102 paM0 jaganmohanalAla zAstrA sAdhuvAda -grantha zrAvaka ke vrata - kundakunda aura umAsvAti ke yuga se zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM kI paramparA kundakunda ne sallekhanA ko inameM sthAna diyA hai para umAsvAti, samantabhadra aura AzAdhara ise mAnate haiM / isase bAraha vratoM ke nAmoM meM antara par3a gayA hai| inameM pA~ca aNuvrata to sabhI meM sAta zIloM ke nAmoM ke antara hai : ( a ) guNa vrata kundakunda uyAsvAti AzAdhara, samantacadra ( ba ) zikSA vrata kundakunda sAmAyika samantabhadra, AzAdhara sAmAyika umAsvAti sAmAyika somadeva sAmAyika dizA - vidizA pramANa digbrata divrata samantabhadra pUjyapAda somadeva proSadhopavAsa proSadhopavAsa proSadhopavAsa proSadhovapAsa anarthadaNDa brata anarthaM daNDa vrata anartha daNDa vrata ekabAra sevya bhoga upabhoga bhoga atithi pUjyatA vaiyAvRtya atithi saMvibhAga vaiyAvRtya yahA~ kundakunda aura umAsvAti kI paramparA spaSTa dRSTavya hai / adhikAMza uttaravartI AcAryoM ne umAsvAti kAmata mAnA hai / sAtha hI, mogopayoga parimANa vrata ke aneka nAma hone se upabhoga zabda kI paribhASA bhI bhrAmaka ho gaI hai : [ khaNDa calI A rahI hai / pRthak kRtya ke rUpa meM samAna haiM, para anya bhogopabhoga parimANa dezavrata bhogopabhoga parimANa sallekhanA dezAvakA zika upabhoga paribhoga parimANa bhoga - paribhoga parimANa zrAvaka kI pratimAyeM - zrAvaka se sAdhutva kI ora bar3hane ke liye gyAraha pratimAoM kI paramparA kundakunda yuga hI hai / saMkhyA kI ekarUpatA ke bAvajUda bhI aneka ke nAmoM aura arthoM meM antara hai / sabase jyAdA matabheda chaThI pratimA ke nAma ko lekara hai / isake rAtribhukti tyAga ( kundakunda, samantabhadra ) evaM divAmaithuna tyAga ( jinasena, AzAdhara ) nAma milate haiM / rAtrimuktityAga to punarAvRtti lagatI hai, yaha mUla guNa hai, Alokita pAna - bhojana kA dUsarA rUpa hai / ataH paravartI dUsarA nAma adhika sArthaka hai / somadeva ne aneka pratimAoM ke naye nAma diye haiN| unhoMne 1 mUlavrata ( darzana ), arcA ( sAmAyika ), 4 parva karma ( proSadha ), 5 kRSikarma tyAga ( sacitta tyAga ), 8 sacitta tyAga ( parigraha tyAga ) ke nAma diye haiM / hemacandra ne bhI inameM parvakarma, prAsuka AhAra, samArambha tyAga, sAdhu nissaGgatA kA samAhAra kiyA hai / sambhavataH ina donoM AcAryoM ne pratimA, vrata va mUla guNoM ke nAmoM kI punarAvRtti dUra karane ke liye viziSTArthaka nAmakaraNa kiyA hai| yaha sarAhanIya hai / paramparApoSI yuga kI bAta bhI hai| bIsavI sadI meM muni kSIrasAgara ne bhI punarAvRtti doSa kA anubhava kara apanI ratnakara'zrAvakAcAra kI hindI TIkA meM 3 pUjana 4 svAdhyAya 7 pratikramaNa evaM 11 bhikSAhAra nAmaka pratimAoM kA samAhAra kiyA hai| 23 para ina naye nAmoM ko mAnyatA nahIM milI hai / bArabAra sevya upabhoga paribhoga paribhoga
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________________ 2] Agama-tulya granthoM kI prAmANikatA kA mUlyAMkana 103 vratoM ke atIcAra-zrAvakoM ke vratoM ke aneka atIcAroM meM bhI minnatA pAI gaI hai| jAti evaM varNa ko mAnyatA-ziddhAntazAstrI ne batAyA hai ki AcArya jinasena kI jainoM ke brAhmaNIkaraNa ko prakriyA usake pUrvavartI Agama sAhitya se samathita nahIM hotii| usake ziSya guNabhadra evaM vasunandi Adi uttaravartI AcArya bhI usakA samarthana nahIM karate / 26 bhautika jagata ke varNana meM visaMgatiyA~ : vartamAna kAla bhautika jagata ke antargata jIvAdi chaha dravmoM kA varNana samAhita hai| umAsvAti ne "upayogo lakSaNaM" kahakara jIva ko paribhASita kiyA hai| para zAstroM ke anusAra, upayoga kI paribhASA meM jJAna, darzana ke sAtha-sAtha sukha aura vIrya kA bhI uttarakAla meM samAveza kiyA gyaa| aneka granthoM meM upayoga aura cetanA zabdoM ko pRthak-pRthaka bhI batAyA gayA hai| isakA samAdhAna kSamatA evaM kriyAtmaka rUpa se kiyA jAtA hai / 24 iso prakAra, jIvotpatti ke viSaya meM bhI vikalendriya jIvoM taka kI sammUrchanatA vicAraNIya hai jaba ki bhadrabAhu caturdaza pUrvapara ne kalpasUtra meM makkhI, makar3I, pipIlikA, khaTamala Adi ko aNDaja batAyA hai| nizcaya-vyavahAra kI carcA se yaha prayoga-sApekSa prazna samAdheya nahIM dikhtaa| ajIva ko pudgala zabda se amilakSaNita karane kI sUkSmatA ke vAvajUda bhI usake bheda-prabhedoM kA cakSu kI sthUlagrAhyatA tathA anya indriyoM kI sUkSma prAhitA ke AdhAra para varNana Aja kI dRSTi se kucha asaMgata-sA lagatA hai / padArtha ke aNuskandha rUpoM kI yA vargaNAoM kI carcA kuMdakuMda yuga se pUrva kI hai| para kuMdakuMda ne sarvaprathama cakSu-dRzyatA ke AdhAra para skaMdhoM ke chaha bheda kiye haiN| unhoMne AkAra kI sthUlatA ko dRzya mAnA aura cakSuSA-adRzya padArthoM ko sUkSma maanaa| isa prakAra USmA, prakAza Adi UrjAyeM tRtIya koTi ( sthUla-sUkSma ) aura vAyu Adi gaisa, gandha va rasavAn padArtha ( sUkSma-sthUla ) caturtha koTi ( sUkSmatara ) meM A gye| durbhAgya se dhvani UrjA karNa-gocara hone se prakAza-Adi se sukSmatara ho gii| dhavalA-vaNita vargaNA-krama vardhamAna sthUlatA para AdhArita lagatA hai para usakA krama aNu-AhAra-taijasa-bhASA-manakArmaNa zarIra-pratyeka zarIra bAdara nigoda-sUkSma nigoda-vargaNAoM kA krama visaMgata lagatA hai| tejasa zarIra se kArmaNa zarIra sUkSmatara batAyA gayA hai, tejasa ( UrjAyeM ) evaM dhvani AhAra-aNuoM se sUkSmatara hotI haiM, sUkSma nigoda bAdara nigoda se sUkSmatara honA cAhiye tathA mana, yadi dravyamana ( mastiSka ) hai, to vaha pratyeka zarIra se bhI sthUlatara hotA hai| jainoM kA paramANuoM ke bandha saMbaMdhI niyamoM kA vidyut guNoM ke AdhAra para vivaraNa abhUtapUrva hai| para yaha vivaraNa akriya gaisoM ke yaugikoM ke nirmANa, upasaha-saMyojI yaugikoM tathA saMkula lavaNoM ke saMmavana se saMzodhanIya ho gayA hai| zAstrI25 ne ina niyamoM kI zAstrIya vyAkhyA meM bhI TIkAkAra-kRta antara batAyA hai / jaina, muni vijaya Adi aneka vidvAn vibhinna vyAkhyAoM se ina zAstrIya mAnyatAoM ko ho satya pramANita karane kA yatna karate haiN| parantu unheM taijasa vargaNA aura namI vargaNA ke AkAroM kI sthUlatA ke antara ko mAnasika nahIM banAnA caahiye| unheM garbhaja (saliMgI ) prajanana ko aliMgI-sammUrchana prajanana ke samakakSa bhI nahIM mAnanA cAhiye / upasaMhAra uparokta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki SaTkhaMDAgama, kaSAyapAhur3a, kuMdakuMda, umAsvAti tathA uttaravartI cUNi-TIkAkAroM ke granthoM ke sAmAnya antaH parIkSaNa ke kucha uparokta udAharaNoM se nimna tathya bhalI bhA~ti spaSTa hote haiM :
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________________ [ khaNDa 104 paM0 jaganmohanalAla zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha (i) ina granthoM kA nirmANa IsApUrva prathama sadI se terahavIM sadI ke bIca huA hai / inake lekhaka na sarvajJa the, na gaNadhara hI, ve ArAtIya the / (ii) ina granthoM ke Agama-tulya ataeva prAmANika mAne jAne ke jo do zAstrIya AdhAra haiM, ve ina para pUrNatayA lAgU nahIM hote / (iii) AcArya kuMdakuMda kA adhyAtmavAdI sAhitya amRtacandra evaM jayasena ( 10-12 vIM sadI ) ke pUrva prabhAvazAlI nahIM bana sakA / phira bhI, isakI aitihAsika mahattA mAnI gii| isI se unheM svAdhyAya ke maMgala meM gotama gaNavara ke bAda sthAna milaa| yaha maMgala zloka kaba pracalana meM AyA, isakA ullekha nahIM milatA, para isameM bhadrabAhu jaise aMga-pUrva dhAriyoM taka ko anadekhA kiyA gayA hai, yaha acarajakArI bAta avazya hai / para isase bhI acaraja kI bAta yaha hai ki adhikAMza uttaravartI AcAryoM ne unake badale umAsvAti kI mAnyatAoM ko upayogI mAnA / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaba solahavIM sadI meM puna: banArasIdAsa ne ise pratiSThA dI, taba paMthabheda huA / aba bIsavIM sadI meM bhI aisI hI saMbhAvanA dikhatI hai / (iv) ina granthoM meM varNita aneka vicAra aura mAnyatAyeM uttarakAla meM vikasita, saMzodhita aura parivardhita huI haiM / (v) inameM varNita aneka AcAra-paraka vivaraNoM kA bhI uttarottara vikAsa aura saMzodhana huA hai / (vi) aneka granthoM meM svayaM evaM paraspara visaMgata varNana pAye jAte haiM / inake samAdhAna kI "dvAvapi upadezI grAhyo" kI paddhati tarkasaMgata nahIM hai / (vii) inake bhautika jagata saMbaMdhI aneka vivaraNoM meM vartamAna kI dRSTi se (viii AzAvara ke uttaravartI AcAryoM ne aneka pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI granthoM meM svIkRta kiyA hai / pApabhIrutA, pratibhA kI kamI tathA mAna liyA gayA / prayoga-pramANa- bAdhakatA pratIta hotI hai / mAnyatAoM ko apanI ruci ke anusAra apane rAjanItika asthiratA ne inheM sthira aura rUr3ha (ix) prAcIna AcAryoM ne evaM TIkAkAroM ne apane apane samaya meM AcAra evaM vicAra pakSoM kI aneka pUrva mAnyatAoM kA saMrakSaNa, poSaNa va vikAsa kiyA hai| ataH sabhI zAstrIya mAnyatAoM kI aparivartanIyatA kI dhAraNA Thosa tathyoM para AdhArita nahIM hai / (x) isa aparivartanIyatA kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para prayogasiddha vaijJAnika tathyoM kI upekSA yA kATa kI pravRtti hamAre jJAna pravAha kI garimA ke anurUpa nahIM hai / ataH hameM apane zAstrIya varNanoM, vicAroM kI parIkSA kara unakI prAmANikatA kA aMkana karanA cAhiye jaisA vaijJAnika karate haiM / isa parIkSaNa vidhi kA sUcapAta AcArya samaMtabhadra, akalaMka Adi ne sadiyoM pUrva kiyA thA / vartamAna buddhivAdI yuga parIkSaNa janya samIcInatA ke AdhAra para hI AsthAvAn bana skegaa| AcArya kuMdakuMda mI yaha nirdiSTa karate haiM / saMdarbha 1. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha; paM0 kaM0 caM0 zAstrI abhi0 grantha, 1980, peja 138 2. muni naMdighoSa; tIrthaMkara, 17, 3-4, 1987, peja 63 3. jyotiSAcAryaM nemicandra;' tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paraMparA-3, vidvat pariSad, dillI, 1974, pe0 296 4. ArthikA jJAnamanI jI; mUlAcAra kA Adya upodghAta - 1, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1984, peja 18
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________________ Agama-tulya granthoM kI prAmANikatA kA mUlyAMkana 105 5. jyotiSAcArya, nemicandra, mahAvIra aura unako AcArya paramparA-2, pUrvokta, 1974, peja 25 / 6. upAdhyAya, amara muni; paNNA samikkhae dhamma-2, vIrAyatana, rAjagira, 1987 / 7. dekhiye nirdeza 5 peja 8, peja 19 / 8. AcArya vaTTakera; mUlAcAra --1, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1984, peja 132 / 9. dekhiye nirdeza 5 peja 28-169 / 10. saMnyAsI rAma; 'dhamaNa' pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, kAzI, 38, 6, 1987 peja 27; 38, 6, 1987, peja 27 / / 11. nIraja jaina; 'jaina gajaTa' ( sAptAhika ), 92, 41-42, 1987, peja 10 / 12. dekhiye nirdeza 5 peja 77 / 13. nyAyAcArya, mahendrakumAra; jaina darzana, varNI granthamAlA, kAzI, 1966, peja 268 / 14. dvivedI, Ara0 sI0; kanTrIbyUzana oNva jainijma dU iNDiyana kalcara, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, 1975, peja 156 / 15. dekhiye nirdeza 4 peja 17 / 16. dekhiye nirdeza 5 peja 327-28, 84-85, 87 / 17. AcArya puSyadanta; satprarUpaNA sUtra, varNI granthamAlA, kAzI, 1971, peja 115 / 18. zivArya, AcArya; bhagavatI ArAdhanA-1, jIvarAja granthamAthA, zolApura, 1978, peja 126 / 19. mAzAdhara, paMDita; sAgAra dharmAbhRta, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1978, peja 43,63 / 20. dekhiye nirdeza 5 peja 193 / 21. AcArya baTTakera; mUlAcAra-2, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1986, peja 66-68 / 22. dekhiye nirdeza 19 peja 33 / 23. muni kSIrasAgara, ratnakaraMDa-zrAvakAcAra, hindI TokA, esa0 ela0 TrasTa, vidizA, 1951 / 24. jaina, esa0 sI0; sTrakcara eNDa phaMkzana oNva sola ina jainijma, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1974 / 25. siddhAntazAstrI, phUlacandra ( TIkAkAra); tattvArthasUtra, vaNI granyamAlA, kAzI, 1949, peja 262 / 26. siddhAntazAstrI, phUlacandra; varNa, jAti aura dharma, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1963, peja 178 / 27. nemicaMdra sUri; pravacana sAroddhAra, jaina pustakoddhAra saMsthA, baMbaI, 1922, peja 58 / 28. mAnavijaya gaNi; dharmasaMgraha, amRtalAla jayasiMha bhAI, ahamadAbAda, 1955, peja 199 /