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now and then. At this stage the soul is free from the influence of all the passions except very subtle greed. This subtle greed., can be interpreted as the subconscious attachment to the body even in the souls which have achieved great spiritual advancement. The soul which has climbed up the ladder of subsidence goes upto the eleventh stage of suppressed passions (Upaśānta Kaṣaya). The subtle greed that was active in the previous stage is also suppre sed in this stage and the soul is free from the rise of all types of passions. The full designation of this stage is Upaśāntakaṣāya vitarāgacaumastha. The twelfth stage is Kṣiņakaṣāya.1
JAINISM AND KARMA
The problem of Karma in Jainism, as in every other philosophical system of India is closely connected with the question of the bondage of the soul. The Jaina thinkers conceive bondage as the state of mundane soul which under the impulse of passions (Kaṣāya) attracts to itself pudgalas or atoms of matter consistent with its karma. The cause of bondage is held to be five in number namely Mithyadarśana, Avirati, Pramada, Kaṣāya and yoga 2 Mithyadarśana may be primary i.e. natural ( Samsiddhi ) or secondary being derived from an outside source. The mithyajñāna in so far as it is due to an external source is fourfold as related to the four view points namely Kriyavada, akriyāvāda, .ajñāna and vinaya and is held to be of 366 kinds in all. Avirati is of twelve kinds. It is non-rejection of violence (himsa) in respect of six bodily forms (five sthavaras and one trasa). It also includes lack of control on mind senses. Pramada is absence of interest and activities in respect of five samitis, five guptis, eight Suddhis etc. It is of fifteen kinds. Kaşaya is of twenty five kinds. Yoga is of fifteen kinds--Manoyoga-6, Vakyoga-4 and Kayayoga-7.
In the first place all the five causes from mithya dṛṣṭi to Yoga produce bondage. In these stages called Sasvadana Samyag drsti (सास्वादन सम्यग् दृष्टि ) samyag mithyā drsti and Asamyak
1. Gomathasara, Jīvakāṇda, 8-69.
2. Tattvärtha Sutra, VIII. I.
3. Sarvartha iddhi on Tattvartha Sutra, VIII. I.
