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XXVIII. The Jain doctrine of the nayas (Methods)
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41. As 'when experiencing ruling, he is called Indra; when developed in the act of being capable, he is Sakra; when engaged in fort-cleaving, he is Purandara'.
42. That which rejects an entity uninvested with action as designated by a word is the semblance thereof. (226)
43. As in, an entity called pot, when void of special movement, is not to be designated by the word 'pot'; because it is void of the action which is the occasion for the use of the word 'pot'; like cloth and so on.
44. Of these the first four, since they are directed to the describing of the object are object-Methods.
45. The remaining three, on the other hand, since they apply to things to be denoted by words, are word-Methods.
46. Each preceding Method has larger application, and cach succeeding one a limited sphere.
47. Compared with the comprehensive', which applies to the existent simply, the Naigama, as having for ground the existing and non-existing, has an extensive sphere.
48. Compared with the conventional', which brings to light differences of the existent, the comprehensive', as exhibiting the entire mass of the existent, has a great sphere. (227)
49. In comparison with the 'straightforward', which has the present for sphere, the 'conventional', because of holding to what has the three times for its sphere, is of no small sphere.
50. Compared with the 'verbal', which exhibits different objects, according to difíerences of time, etc., the 'straightforward', as making known what is different therefrom, has an ample meaning.
51. Compared with the etymological', which desires a difference of object according to the word for the states, the 'verbal', which follows the opposite thereof, has an immense sphere.
52. Compared with the 'just so', which professes an object different according to the action, the etymological', which posits things otherwise, has a large application. (228)
53. The Method statement also, working in its own sphere, accommodates itself to
the seven-nuance-view with affirmation and negation." But the consideration of the removal of objections to the definition of the particular purports of the Methods corresponding to their names can by one who wishes for details be discerned from the Bhäsya-mahodadhi 24), Gandhahasti-tikā25), Nyāyāvatāra26) and other books. But Demonstration defined as correct ascertainment (nirnaya) of the object, is composed of all the Methods; since only Methods, decorated with the word Quodammodo, enjoy the designation "Demonstrant'. And to this effect Sri-Samantabhadra in the hymn to Sri-Vimalanātha ??): (229)
"Inasmuch as these Thy Methods decorated with the word Quodammodo, Like metallic ores when broken up by fluids, Become of desired fruit, therefore The Aryas who desire good bow before Your Worship."
34) Identified by M. L. in his note here, with the Gandha-hasti-tikā. 38) By Samantabhadra (M. L.): see note IX 16).
*8) By Siddhasena-Divākara (M. L., who states that it is one of S.-D.'s 32 "Thirty-twos', on which see supra p. 10.
37) Contained in the Brhat-svayambhu-stotrāvali, where the verse is no. 65 (M. L.).
