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Sagarmal Jain, The Historical Development of Jaina Yoga System
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mentioned dharmas. But in this regards scholars are of the opinion that he borrowed these ideas from Subhacandra's work which is earlier than the Yogaśāstra.31
In short: first Subhacandra borrowed these types of dhyāna and dharma from Hindu Tantra and then Hemacandra followed Subhacandra. Thus we can say that in this period the impact of other systems of Yoga Sādhanā on Jaina Yoga can be seen easily.
The impact of other Yoga systems on Jainism in this period -
The Dhyānaśataka is the first Yoga work of this period in which we do not find any impact of other Yoga systems on it, because this work only deals with the four types of meditation according to the Jaina canonical works. In this period the impacts of other Yoga systems on Jaina Yoga appears in the works of Haribhadra, Subhacandra and Hemacandra.
The impact of the Brahmanic tradition is seen in Haribhadra's Yoga works. But one thing is cristal-clear that he remained completely faithful to the Jaina tradition, while dealing with Jaina Yoga in his different Yoga works. In the Yogavāsistha we find the three stages of Yoga Sādhanā: (i) total devotion (ii) mental peace and (iii) total cessation of the activities of mind and body. In the Yogadrstisamuccaya Haribhadra also mentions three Yogas (see above) on the basis of three jewels of Jainism. Icchāyoga is similar to total devotion and sāmarthya-yoga to the other two states of the Yogavāsistha. Among the five types of Yoga mentioned in the Yogabindu (see above), adhyātma-yoga was accepted in other Yoga systems as mahā-yoga. The concepts of bhāvanā (contemplation) and dhyāna are also present in the Hindu Yoga system, The samatā-yoga (equanimity) and vịttisamksaya-yoga (cessation of the activities) are presented in the Yogavāsistha as well as in laya-yoga. The four types of Yogas mentioned in Haribhadra's Yogavimśikā (see above) also have correspondences in other Yoga systems, as we have seen for āsana. Similarly ürna is accepted in Hindu Yoga system as mantra-yoga or japa-yoga, ālambana as bhakti-yoga and anālambana as laya-yoga. In the same way Haribhadra's eight yogadrstis are also arranged on the basis of the eight Yoga limbs of Patañjali. Though Haribhadra accepted these various concepts from Buddhist and Hindu tantric systems, yet his peculiarity is that he arranged them according to the Jaina tradition. The concepts of pindastha etc. (see above) came in Jaina works such as the Jñānārnava and the Yogaśāstra are due to the impact of Hindu Tantrism. Both Subhacandra and Hemacandra also deal with the eight limbs of Patañjali's Yogasūtra in detail. And so we must accept that these two ācāryas are mostly influenced by Patañjali's Yogasūtra and other Hindu tantric works.
30 Yogaśāstra 7/8-9. 31 N. Tatia, Studies in Jaina Philosophy p. 290.
