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Rishibhashit: A Study
those people who propagated ideas opposing to the spiritual thinking were called utkool.
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In this translation the use of the form utkal does not appear to be appropriate to me, it should have been utkat, utkul, or utkool. The five types of utkal refered to in this chapter are in fact the view points that used to propagate rhe materialistic doctrines through typical examples. Dandotkat are those who use dand (staff)) as an example and propagate that as the begining, middle, and end parts of a staff can not remain in seperate existence, it is a united whole, there is no entity of soul seperate from body.
Rajjootkat are those who use Rajju (fibre) as an example and propagate that as a rope is a conflagration of many different fibres, a living being too is a conflagration of five fundamentals and disintegrates with the disintegration of these constituents.
Stenotkat are those who re-interpret the examples of other scriptures and confirm their own beliefs. They are intolerant of other doctrines and continue to deny them by misinterpretation. May be, at some later period, Anekantvad (non-absolutism) developed in the Nirgranth (Jain) tradition as an opposition to this Stenotkatvad. This is because those who maintain that their statement is the only truth are said to be the antithesis of compassion towards others.
Deshotkat are those who accept the existence of soul but maintain it not to be the doer. In fact, this non-activity of soul eliminates the basis of defining concepts like good or bad deeds, bondage etc. Due to this partial acceptance of materialism the are called Deshotkat.
Similarly Sarvotkat are those who deny the existence of fundamentals and through vaccuum accept the origin of all creation. They believe that there is no fundamental that continues to exist every where at all times. Thus they propagate nihilism and that is why they are called Sarvotkat. This must have been the basis of non-existentialism.
Detailing these five types of utkat or materialists and giving brief details of principles of materialism the soul as an entity seperate from body has been denied. It has been stated that after destruction the body is not created again; that is, their is no rebirth. This life is the only life, there is no other world, there is no fruit of good or bad deeds, there is no rebirth and their is nothing like good or evil deed.
The body between
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