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REALITY AND EXISTENCE
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tence and Substance, it is evident that just as Reality and Existence are identified, Reality and Substance are also identified in Jainism. This is expressed in a cryptic proposition that is found in a Jaina classic : "All is one because all exists.":11
It should, however be understood that this identity is valid only from the transcendental point of view (dravyārthika-naya) and not from the empirical standpoint (paryāyārthika-naya). From the latter point of view the division of substance into the jīva and the ajiva and of the sub-division of ajīva into the other five categories is alone valid.
11 Tattvārtha-Sūtra bhāşyā, 1. 35
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