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A Critique
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In science, the relative hardness of material objects is determined empirically by scratching. Thus, steel is harder than copper, and diamond is harder than steel.
Smoothness/roughness of the surface of the body fundamentally depends upon the arrangement of the crystals in the surface.
Chatuḥsparsi aggregates are devoid of this pair like mass.
(iii) SMELL AND TASTE
By virtue of their inherent quality of smell, material objects can be perceived by the olfactory organs. There are infinite varieties of smell but they are broadly divided into two categories (i) pleasant and (ii) unpleasant. The scientific view of smell is that there are volatile components in the composition of material objects, which stimulate the olfactory organs of living beings. Like colour, smell can be split and analysed by gas chromatographic and mass spectroscopic methods. For instance, roasted coffee is found to contain as many as 100 or more volatiles which together give the characteristic pleasant aroma of coffee.
Unlike smell, taste is not given 'out' by pudgala. The object itself has to come in intimate contact with the sense-organs of taste. As in the case of other qualities, there are infinite varieties of taste which can be grouped together to form five categories. The taste of any object is the resultant of all different taste possessed by its composing elements.
C. SOME OTHER IMPORTANT QUALITIES
We had discussed the Jain view about some other important qualities of physical substance (pudgala). We shall compare them here with the corresponding scientific concepts.
That, mass/matter is nothing but a form of energy, that is, both matter and energy are but two modifications of a single principle, has been only recently realized. Jain physics has identified all forms of matter and energy as modifications of the same substance - pudgala Intra-convertibility of various forms of energy-mechanical into electrical, electrical into heat, light,
