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JAIN MORAL DOCTRINE
other directions (Tiryak-vyatikrama); (4) When in a fit of passions or negligence, he increases his limit in one direction, even though decreasing it in another direction (Kşetra-vrddhi); (5) When he forgets the limits even though he does not cross them (Smrtyantarādhāna).
The Desā-vrata is the second mode of the Guna-vrata, and consists in one's taking a vow to still more limit his activities, already limited by the Dig-vrata vow, for a fixed period of time. The Deśavrata is violated—(1) if the vower sends for something from beyond the limited limit (Anayana); (2) if he sends a person beyond the limited limit (Preşya-prayoga); (3) if he sends his voice (e.g. by telephone) beyond the limited limit (Sabdānupāta); (4) if he communicates with persons beyond the limited limit, by making sign to them (Rūpānupāta); (5) if he throws material things beyond the limited limit (Pudgala-kşepa).
The third mode of the Guņa-vrata is the Anartha-danda-vrata, which means a vow not to commit any aimless sin. There are five forms of the Anartha-daņda-vrata which consist in avoiding respectively the Apadhyāna or thinking ill of others; the 'Pāpopadeśa' or preaching sinful matter to others; the 'Pramāda-căritra' or thoughtless mischievous acts, such as breaking the branches of trees aimlessly; the Himsādāna or distribution of offensive weapons among people; and the Duhsruti or reading or hearing the reading of bad books. The Anartha-danda-vrata is transgressed, even when the vower makes fun of or with others (Kandarpa); when he throws mischievous and practical jokes at others (Kautçuçç); when he becomes garrulous (Maukharya); when he overdoes a thing (Asamīksyādhikarana); when he keeps himself supplied with enjoyable things, which are more than what are necessary for him (Upabhogaparibhogānārthakya).
The disciplinary or the 'Śikṣā-vratas have, as said above, four forms. The first is the Sāmāyika which consists in self-contemplation at stated times e.g. sunrise, noon or sunset every day for a stated period every time. The Sāmāyika is transgressed by misdirection of mind (the Mano-duşpranidhānam); by misdirection of body (the Kāya-duşpranidhāņam); by misdirection of speech (the Vāk-duşpraņidhānam); by decreasing the interest in the Sāmāyika (the Anādara); by forgetting the formalities connected with the Sāmāyika (the Smrtyanupasthāna).
The "Posadhopavāsa is the second sikşā-vrata and means a vow to fast on four days in a month viz. on the two eighth and the two fourteenth days in the two lunar fortnights in every month, by
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