Jain Journal 1998 04

Author(s): Jain Bhawan Publication
Publisher: Jain Bhawan Publication

Page 15

BANERJEE SIDDHASENADIVĀKARA AND HIS NYAYĀVATĀRA
minor term (pakṣa), itself as the common abode of the middle term (hetu) and the major term (sādhya), shows the inseparable connection between them, thus :
1) This hill (minor term) is full of fire (major term);
2) because it is full of smoke (middle term).
Here the inseparable connection between fire and smoke is shown by the hill (minor term) in which both of them abide.
8. Bahir Vyāpti
Extrinsic inseparable connection (bahir-vyāpti) occurs when an example (dṛṣṭānta) from the outside is introduced as the common abode of the middle term (hetu) and the major term (sädhya) to assure the inseparable connection between them, thus :
1) This hill is full of fire (major term);
2) because it is full of smoke (middle term); 3) as a kitchen (example).
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Here the reference to the kitchen is no essential part of the inference, but is introduced from without as a common instance of a place in which fire and smoke exist together, and so it reaffirms the inseparable connection between them.
Some logicians hold that that which is to be proved, that is, the major term (sādhya), can be established by intrinsic inseparable connection (antar-vyāpti) only hence the extrinsic inseparable connection (bahir vyāpti) is superfluous.
9. Fallacies of the middle term
The semblance of reason or fallacy of the middle term (hetvābhāsa) arises from doubt, misconception or non-conception about it (the middle term). It is of three kinds :
1) The unproved (asiddha): This is fragrant, because it is a sky
lotus.
Here the reason (middle term), viz. the sky-lotus, is unreal. 2) The contradictory (viruddha): "This is fiery, because it is a body of water."
Here the reason alleged is opposed to what is to be established. 3) The uncertain (anaikantika). "Sound is eternal, because it is always audible."
Here the reason or middle term is uncertain, because audibleness may or may not be a proof of eternity.