Jain Journal 1988 07

Author(s): Jain Bhawan Publication
Publisher: Jain Bhawan Publication

Page 28

JULI, 1988
just an inference. This clarity of knowledge arises by the removal of all karma obstacles. Here lies the difference with the Mimamsakas. Mimamsakas opine that the clearness of knowledge is due to the senseorgans. Hemacandra says that perception is clear in this sense that it is not dependent on any other knowledge and it manifests its objects as a "this".10
The distinction of perception as sa-vikalpaka and nir-vikalpaka have not been accepted by the Jainas. According to them, the perception is only determinate (or sa-vikalpaka). Moreover, the Jainas regard all knowledges as 'nirākāra' still Akalanka includes the word 'sākāra' in the definition of perception.11 Apparently it is controversial, but here actually the word 'sākāra' is used in the sense of sa-vikalpaka (or conceptual knowledge).12 Perception always manifests its object with all its qualities. Therefore, it is conceptual.
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The Jaina logicians admit the distinction of perception as sāmvyāvahārika pratyakṣa or sensuous perception1s and mukhya (pārmarthika) pratyakṣa or non-sensuous perception.14 Sāmvyāvahārika pratyaksa (or immediate knowledge) arises with the help of the senseorgans and mind. There are two separate kinds of this knowledge called mati and śruti possessed by an average person and the mukhya pratyakṣa arises directly by the self only. Moreover, it arises when all the viels of karmas are removed. In such knowledge the soul's consciousness becomes immediately related to objects and there are three different kinds of such knowledge, which are avadhi, manahparyaya and Kevala.15
9
cf; pratyaksam visada-jnanatmakam, pratyaksa-tvat,yad-visada-jnanatmakam na vabati, na tat pratyaksam, yatha anumanadi-jnanam/Nyaya-viniscaya-vivarana (Vadiraja Suri, ed. by Jain, Mahendrakumar, Benaras. 1949) p. 95.
10 cf; pramanantaran-apekse-dantaya prati bhaso va vaisadyam/Pramana-mimansa, 1.1.14 (Hemacandra, Pune. Vir-samvat 2452) p. 16.
11 cf; pratyaksa laksanam prahu spastam-anjasa/dravya paryaya samanya-visesarthaatma vedanam/ Nyaya-viniscaya (Akalankadeva; with the commentary Nyaya-viniscaya-Vivarana by Vadiraja Suri, ed. by Jain, Mahendra Kumar, Benaras, 1949) p. 95.
12 cf; pratyaksam sa-vikalpena jainasya yadaha sakaram iti sa-vikalpakam, ca namo yatyadivisayatvam/Nyaya-viniscaya-vivarana (Vadiraja Suri, ed. by Jaina, Mahendrakumar, Benaras, 1949) p. 86.
13 cf; indriyanindriya-nimittam-avagrahe havaya dharana bhedam samvyava harikam/ Pramana-paribhasa (Vijayadharma Suri, Benaras, Vir-samvat 2440), p. 46.
14 cf; atma-matra-peksam paramarthikam/Ibid. p. 27.
15 ef; mati-srutavadhi-manah-paryaya-kevalani-jnanam Tattvartha-sutram (Umasvami, ed. by Shastri, A. Santiraja, Mysore, 1944) p. 11.