Jain Journal 1973 07

Author(s): Jain Bhawan Publication
Publisher: Jain Bhawan Publication

Page 27

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number of the most advanced tribes-Aryans, Semites, perhaps also Turanians-made the domestication, and the raising and tending of cattle, their principal occupation. Pastoral tribes separated themselves from the general mass of the barbarians; the first great social division of labour."4
Under the Kulakara system arable land was still the common property of the Kula to which it was assigned and next it was distributed to the household communities and finally to the individuals for their use. These may indicate certain rights of possession. It appears that there was some connection of exploitation with private property, as it came into existence in course of economic evolution.
JAIN JOURNAL
The weaving loom and the smelting of metal ore and the working up of metals were two important achievements of industry of this stage."
"The increase of production in all branches-cattle breeding, agriculture, domestic handicrafts enabled human labour power to produce more than was necessary for its maintenance. At the same time, it increased the amount of work that daily fell to the lot of every member of the gens or household community or single family.”
This observation of F. Engels has a faithful parallel in the account of the socio-economic conditions of the Kulakara order as given in the Jaina Agamas. The herds and the other new objects of wealth brought about a change in the family. Man earned a livelihood and owned the herds-the new means of gaining livelihood, as their original domestication and subsequent tending were his works. Hence he became the owner of the cattle, commodities-all the surplus now resulting from production, while the woman shared in consuming them without any share in owning them. In the stage of the infancy of the human race
4 Ibid., p. 156.
"Kaladosena mamattibhave jate mamana mamana nama mamata, mama asamo vanam kananani, esa mamana", Avasyakacurni, Pt. I, p. 156.
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"Iyanim sippani uppaeyavvani, tattha paccha vattharukkha parihina, tahe anamtikka uppaiya, paccha gehagara parihina, tahe vaddhati uppaita, paccha romanakhani vaddhamti tahe kammakara uppaita nhaviya ya etaim ca pamca mulasippani-kumbhakara cittagara namtikka kammagara kasavagatti ekkekkassavi visam bheya, evam sippasayam, evam ta sippana uppati"-Avasyakacurni, Pt. I, p. 156.
The Origin of the Family, etc., p. 157.