Introducing Jainism

Author(s): Satyaranjan Banerjee
Publisher: Jain Bhawan Publication

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INTRODUCING JAINISM
(sāmānya) and the specific (višeșa) features of the things are judged. For example, conscious man is a jīva (soul). Here the general and the specific nature of jiva is described. This naya is also recognised by the Nyāya and the Vaseșika schools of Indian philosophy.
Samgraha : Samgraha is a naya by which the general qualities of the things are taken into consideration not by ignoring the specific qualities of the thing, but the emphasis is given on the general qualities alone. This naya is also recognised by the Sankhya and the Advaita schools of Indian philosophy.
Vyavahāra: Vyavahāra is that naya by which the specific qualities of a thing are taken into consideration, not completely ignoring the general qualities of a thing, but by by-passing the general qualities of a thing. This naya is recognised by the Cārvāka school of Indian philosophy.
Rju-sūtra : Rju-sūtra is that naya by which a thing is to be judged as it is without looking into the past and future nature of the thing. As past is aleady lost and the future is not born yet, this naya does not refer to the past and future of the thing. This naya is also recognised by the Buddhists.
Sabda: Sabda is that naya by which a thing is recognised simply by hearing the name of a thing. Sabda naya includes all grammatical aspects of a word or of a sentence. For example, true was a city named Pataliputra. The word 'was' in the sentence indicates that it is different from the present one. This is accepted by the grammarians.
Samabhirūdha : Samabhirūdha is that naya by which the meaning of a word is judged on the basis of its different etymological meanings. This naya is deeper than the sabda naya. For example, the meaning of jiva means consciousness. And, therefore, all who have got consciousness are jīvas. Etymological meaning of a word is the most important feature of this naya.
Evambhūta: When the meaning of a world is established on the basis of its etymology, it is called evambhūta naya.