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NAYA AND NIKSHEPA
A substance possesses countless qualities or natures on account of different points of view or different associations. The reason is this. Countless qualities and specialities are present in a substance on account of its presence in modified forms. Apart from this, one substance is related to all the countless substances in this universe by such points of view as Karanatha, akaranatha, akaryatha, sahabhavitha, virodhitha, samanatha, asamantha etc. From these points of view, it has many qualities or natures. You can take the example of a light. It has the quality of brightness, yellowness etc. The light is of oil, or it may be emerging from precious stones. It may be in the house etc. These are special paryayas or modifications. In the same manner, it has such qualities as dispelling darkness. The cause namely oil or wick; the purpose of showing things; etc. these are extraneous (Anya) dharmas or natures. Anya sambandhas are those that are connected with it by existence and association. They are also called swaparayas. Water is not there in a light. It does not have blue appearance. It does not have, coldness or hardness etc. These are vyatirek dharmas (Contrary qualities). These are associated with the substance by the principle of non-existence. These are called paraparyayas.
Naya means understanding only one of these many aspects from any one point of view. For e.g. Manu lives in Ahmedabad. But he also lives in India. He also lives in Gujrat. In Ahmedabad he lives in some part. Yet this knowledge has been obtained describing only Ahmedabad, keeping off other cities.
In the same manner, knowledge may be got about Manu's age, status, health, studies etc. otherwise we say "Kumar Manu" or "Manu aged 14 or 13 years etc."
Thus, getting knowledge of a substance from any one point of view is called Shabdik Vyavahar Naya. There are seven Nayas.
The seven Nayas : When Naya gives us knowledge of a substance it also reveals to us from what point of view that
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